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<p>Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive bile duct cancer with few treatment options and a low survival rate. Current treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy, frequently fail due to delayed diagnosis and resistance. Targeted therapies, such as FGFR2 and IDH1/2 inhibitors, have shown promise, but clinical efficacy remains a challenge. Natural compounds such as thymoquinone, curcumin, and epigallocatechin gallate have recently received attention for their ability to treat CCA by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth via PI3K-AKT pathways via FGFR2, TNFR, Cytokine R / JAK and p65/53 inhibition. Preclinical studies indicate that these compounds could adjuvant therapies in treatment of CCA along with the emerging therapies such as CAR-T therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, more research is needed to ensure their safety and efficacy in clinical settings. This emphasizes the importance of combining natural and targeted therapies in CCA for better outcomes.</p>

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Emerging therapeutic approaches for cholangiocarcinoma: harnessing natural compounds and targeted therapies with proposed cellular mechanism

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月31日

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  • Ansari Vikhar Danish Ahmad,
  • Mohd. Sayeed Shaikh,
  • Subur W. Khan,
  • Mohd. Mukhtar Khan

摘要

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive bile duct cancer with few treatment options and a low survival rate. Current treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy, frequently fail due to delayed diagnosis and resistance. Targeted therapies, such as FGFR2 and IDH1/2 inhibitors, have shown promise, but clinical efficacy remains a challenge. Natural compounds such as thymoquinone, curcumin, and epigallocatechin gallate have recently received attention for their ability to treat CCA by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth via PI3K-AKT pathways via FGFR2, TNFR, Cytokine R / JAK and p65/53 inhibition. Preclinical studies indicate that these compounds could adjuvant therapies in treatment of CCA along with the emerging therapies such as CAR-T therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, more research is needed to ensure their safety and efficacy in clinical settings. This emphasizes the importance of combining natural and targeted therapies in CCA for better outcomes.