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<p>Elevated environmental temperatures associated with climate change may potentiate heavy metal toxicity in aquatic ecosystems, yet the mechanisms underlying this interaction remain poorly characterized. Most prior studies have examined either Cadmium (Cd) toxicity or thermal stress in isolation, whereas integrated assessments of how chronic temperature elevation modulates Cd toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics are limited. In this study, adult zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) were chronically exposed to Cd (21 days) at control (26&#xa0;°C) and elevated (34&#xa0;°C) temperatures. Tissue-specific analyses revealed pronounced hepatic Cd accumulation that was significantly amplified (2.4-fold increase) at 34&#xa0;°C compared to 26&#xa0;°C, accompanied by enhanced metallothionein induction. Histopathological assessment documented progressive hepatocellular deterioration characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolation, sinusoidal dilation, and leukocyte infiltration—effects exacerbated at elevated temperature. Comprehensive biochemical profiling demonstrated marked dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, protein metabolism, lipid parameters, and calcium regulation, with temperature-dependent perturbation patterns. Mechanistic investigations revealed that high temperature synergistically enhanced Cd-induced oxidative stress, evidenced by elevated reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation, and compensatory antioxidant enzyme modulation. Flow cytometric analysis using Annexin V-FITC/PI and JC-1 staining confirmed that temperature amplified Cd-induced hepatocyte apoptosis through mitochondria-dependent pathways. These findings establish temperature as a critical determinant of Cd toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in fish, providing mechanistic insights into metal–temperature interactions. While extrapolation from laboratory zebrafish to natural ecosystems must be made cautiously, this work establishes a framework for understanding how climate warming could alter metal toxicity in aquatic organisms and inform ecological risk assessment in thermally fluctuating aquatic environments under climate change scenarios.</p>

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Temperature amplifies cadmium toxicity through bioaccumulation dynamics and hepatic cellular responses in Danio rerio

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月10日

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  • Dola Roy,
  • Madhusmita Mohapatra,
  • Subharthi Pal,
  • Anisa Mitra,
  • Jitendra Kumar Sundaray,
  • Sumit Homechaudhuri

摘要

Elevated environmental temperatures associated with climate change may potentiate heavy metal toxicity in aquatic ecosystems, yet the mechanisms underlying this interaction remain poorly characterized. Most prior studies have examined either Cadmium (Cd) toxicity or thermal stress in isolation, whereas integrated assessments of how chronic temperature elevation modulates Cd toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics are limited. In this study, adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were chronically exposed to Cd (21 days) at control (26 °C) and elevated (34 °C) temperatures. Tissue-specific analyses revealed pronounced hepatic Cd accumulation that was significantly amplified (2.4-fold increase) at 34 °C compared to 26 °C, accompanied by enhanced metallothionein induction. Histopathological assessment documented progressive hepatocellular deterioration characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolation, sinusoidal dilation, and leukocyte infiltration—effects exacerbated at elevated temperature. Comprehensive biochemical profiling demonstrated marked dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, protein metabolism, lipid parameters, and calcium regulation, with temperature-dependent perturbation patterns. Mechanistic investigations revealed that high temperature synergistically enhanced Cd-induced oxidative stress, evidenced by elevated reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation, and compensatory antioxidant enzyme modulation. Flow cytometric analysis using Annexin V-FITC/PI and JC-1 staining confirmed that temperature amplified Cd-induced hepatocyte apoptosis through mitochondria-dependent pathways. These findings establish temperature as a critical determinant of Cd toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in fish, providing mechanistic insights into metal–temperature interactions. While extrapolation from laboratory zebrafish to natural ecosystems must be made cautiously, this work establishes a framework for understanding how climate warming could alter metal toxicity in aquatic organisms and inform ecological risk assessment in thermally fluctuating aquatic environments under climate change scenarios.