Mechanism of the Warburg effect and its role in breast cancer immunotherapy

Breast cancer remains a significant global health concern affecting millions of women annually. An essential aspect of this disease is the Warburg effect, which is a metabolic characteristic exhibited in cancer cells. It involves an elevated uptake of glucose and the diversion of glycolytic intermediates toward alternative pathways that facilitate anabolic activities. This distinctive metabolic change sustains rapid cell division and survival, establishing a conducive environment for tumor expansion and spread, altering the tumor microenvironment, fostering immune evasion, angiogenesis, and resistance to treatments. Studying the Warburg effect presents a promising opportunity in the fight against breast cancer. Exploring the relationship between the Warburg effect and immune responses is a promising prospect for immunotherapy, to reinstate the body's inherent capacity to combat cancer. The Warburg effect has provided valuable insights into the management of nonaggressive breast cancer subtypes. This review examines the complex mechanisms of the Warburg effect and its impact on breast cancer treatment. This review discusses innovative strategies to suppress this effect to improve the management and fight against this destructive disease.