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<p>Precise delineation of urban expansion patterns, landscape fragmentation, and sprawl dynamics is fundamental for evidence-based urban policy formulation. This study aims to evaluate the spatio-temporal evolution of urban extent, spatial distribution, and morphological configuration within the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) of eastern India. While the Landsat time-series images were applied to predict the future urban land use/cover (LULC) using CA-Markov model, the spatial metrics were calculated. To further facilitate the visualization, KMA was divided into 8 cardinal directions and 10 buffer distances at 5 Km interval. Spatial metrics were calculated accordingly. Results showed that the KMA has undergone significant spatial and temporal transformations over the past five decades, with projections indicating continued intensification and expansion through 2070. A sharp rise was observed in built-up areas from &lt; 5% in 1975 to an anticipated 67% by 2070, primarily at the expense of vegetation and wetlands. Urban extent is found to be more pronounced in the outer regions of the KMA, at 45–50&#xa0;km from the centre in North-North East (NNE) direction and at 20–30&#xa0;km in East-North East (ENE), East-South East (ESE) and South-South West (SSW) directions. Fragmentation dominated till 2015; post-2020 shows growing patch coalescence. Homogeneity peaks in mid-outer buffers show varied saturation dynamics. Entropy and spatial metrics reveal urban sprawl in zones likely driven by connectivity and mobility. The results underscore the urgent need for compact urban development models and policy interventions. By integrating spatial metrics with future urban projections, this study provides actionable insights for planners and policy-makers to guide sustainable urban development in one of India’s most dynamic mega cities.</p>

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Measuring urban morphological transformation in Kolkata using landscape metrics

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Abhisek Santra,
  • Shreyashi S. Mitra,
  • Akhilesh Kumar,
  • Shidharth Routh

摘要

Precise delineation of urban expansion patterns, landscape fragmentation, and sprawl dynamics is fundamental for evidence-based urban policy formulation. This study aims to evaluate the spatio-temporal evolution of urban extent, spatial distribution, and morphological configuration within the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) of eastern India. While the Landsat time-series images were applied to predict the future urban land use/cover (LULC) using CA-Markov model, the spatial metrics were calculated. To further facilitate the visualization, KMA was divided into 8 cardinal directions and 10 buffer distances at 5 Km interval. Spatial metrics were calculated accordingly. Results showed that the KMA has undergone significant spatial and temporal transformations over the past five decades, with projections indicating continued intensification and expansion through 2070. A sharp rise was observed in built-up areas from < 5% in 1975 to an anticipated 67% by 2070, primarily at the expense of vegetation and wetlands. Urban extent is found to be more pronounced in the outer regions of the KMA, at 45–50 km from the centre in North-North East (NNE) direction and at 20–30 km in East-North East (ENE), East-South East (ESE) and South-South West (SSW) directions. Fragmentation dominated till 2015; post-2020 shows growing patch coalescence. Homogeneity peaks in mid-outer buffers show varied saturation dynamics. Entropy and spatial metrics reveal urban sprawl in zones likely driven by connectivity and mobility. The results underscore the urgent need for compact urban development models and policy interventions. By integrating spatial metrics with future urban projections, this study provides actionable insights for planners and policy-makers to guide sustainable urban development in one of India’s most dynamic mega cities.