Long-term meteorological characteristics and extreme climate indices over Tirupati: a rapidly developing tropical city

Tirupati’s climate has undergone significant changes in both temperature and precipitation patterns. While there has been a consistent increase in rainfall during the southwest monsoon, there is a concerning long-term trend of a decrease in total annual precipitation over the last 30 years. The city has experienced a rise in wet days during both the southwest and northeast monsoons, yet a recent decrease over the past three decades. Heavy precipitation events, particularly during the southwest monsoon, have shown a positive trend, whereas there have been no significant changes in heavy rainfall days during the northeast monsoon. Temperature trends reveal that there has been a warming scenario, with a significant positive trend in annual maximum temperatures and a consistent annual rise in mean minimum temperatures. A substantial decrease in cold and very cold days, especially during the last 30 years, suggests a broader warming trend impacting seasonal temperature variations in Tirupati. These findings highlight the complex interplay of monsoons, temperature variations, and changing precipitation patterns in Tirupati's climate over the years.