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<p>Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (AEMFCs) are promising clean energy devices. To align their development with sustainability goals, this study explores the integration of biomass-derived components into AEMFC cathodes. Biochar-based electrocatalysts were synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of pine needles, a water-based, low-temperature process. Three processing strategies were investigated: direct HTC of raw biomass, HTC following biomass pre-treatment, and thermal post-treatment of the resulting hydrochar to promote graphitization. In parallel, a biomass-derived anion exchange ionomer (AEI) was synthesized via polycondensation of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with p-phenylenediamine, followed by reduction and quaternization. The resulting furan-based AEI was incorporated into the cathode and benchmarked against a PPO-based ionomer (PPO-LC). Electrochemical testing showed that the furan-based AEI led to lower performance, particularly fewer exchanged electrons, though onset potentials remained comparable to the Pt/C reference. Hydrochar derived from raw pine needles demonstrated favourable performance with minimal processing, avoiding organic solvents and lowering the energy demand. In contrast, a high temperature post-treatment offered only marginal performance gains at high energy cost, limiting its sustainability. This study highlights the importance of balancing performance, processing effort, and environmental impact in AEMFC electrode development.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sustainable electrodes based on biomass-derived catalysts and Ionomers for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月18日

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  • S. Chandrasekaran,
  • R. Narducci,
  • E. Sgreccia,
  • A. Haider,
  • L. Pasquini,
  • A. Marrocchi,
  • E. Cerza,
  • M. L. Di Vona,
  • P. Knauth

摘要

Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (AEMFCs) are promising clean energy devices. To align their development with sustainability goals, this study explores the integration of biomass-derived components into AEMFC cathodes. Biochar-based electrocatalysts were synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of pine needles, a water-based, low-temperature process. Three processing strategies were investigated: direct HTC of raw biomass, HTC following biomass pre-treatment, and thermal post-treatment of the resulting hydrochar to promote graphitization. In parallel, a biomass-derived anion exchange ionomer (AEI) was synthesized via polycondensation of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with p-phenylenediamine, followed by reduction and quaternization. The resulting furan-based AEI was incorporated into the cathode and benchmarked against a PPO-based ionomer (PPO-LC). Electrochemical testing showed that the furan-based AEI led to lower performance, particularly fewer exchanged electrons, though onset potentials remained comparable to the Pt/C reference. Hydrochar derived from raw pine needles demonstrated favourable performance with minimal processing, avoiding organic solvents and lowering the energy demand. In contrast, a high temperature post-treatment offered only marginal performance gains at high energy cost, limiting its sustainability. This study highlights the importance of balancing performance, processing effort, and environmental impact in AEMFC electrode development.

Graphical Abstract