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<p>The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2019 that 48% of diabetes-related deaths happened below the age of 70 (Elsayed et al. in Diabetes Care 46:S97–110, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2337/DC23-S006">https://doi.org/10.2337/DC23-S006</a>). Hence, it is important to timely diagnose and treat this condition. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels (BGL) is essential for people with diabetes to manage their condition effectively. However, the traditional finger-pricking method is invasive, inconvenient, and often painful. These limitations have led to the growing interest in non-invasive monitoring techniques. Among these, radio-frequency (RF)-based sensing has emerged as a promising approach. This is because RF/microwave signals can penetrate the human body easily, hence providing a non-ionizing and non-invasive solution to the problem of BGL monitoring. This paper presents a comprehensive literature survey of different BGL monitoring techniques available, distinguishing invasive and non-invasive ones. Specific emphasis on RF-based sensors for non-invasive BGL monitoring utilizing antennas as sensors is presented. The review article also highlights advancements in antenna design, discusses their performance metrics as blood glucose sensors, and evaluates safety considerations for their use as BGL monitoring sensors. Furthermore, this article also identifies the key gaps and challenges in the field, and provides insights into emerging trends and future scope for RF-based glucose monitoring technologies.</p>

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Non-invasive blood glucose level monitoring using antennas: a comprehensive review report

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月27日

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  • Nidhi Upadhyay,
  • Amanpreet Kaur,
  • Arnab Pattanayak,
  • Ashima Singh

摘要

The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2019 that 48% of diabetes-related deaths happened below the age of 70 (Elsayed et al. in Diabetes Care 46:S97–110, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2337/DC23-S006). Hence, it is important to timely diagnose and treat this condition. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels (BGL) is essential for people with diabetes to manage their condition effectively. However, the traditional finger-pricking method is invasive, inconvenient, and often painful. These limitations have led to the growing interest in non-invasive monitoring techniques. Among these, radio-frequency (RF)-based sensing has emerged as a promising approach. This is because RF/microwave signals can penetrate the human body easily, hence providing a non-ionizing and non-invasive solution to the problem of BGL monitoring. This paper presents a comprehensive literature survey of different BGL monitoring techniques available, distinguishing invasive and non-invasive ones. Specific emphasis on RF-based sensors for non-invasive BGL monitoring utilizing antennas as sensors is presented. The review article also highlights advancements in antenna design, discusses their performance metrics as blood glucose sensors, and evaluates safety considerations for their use as BGL monitoring sensors. Furthermore, this article also identifies the key gaps and challenges in the field, and provides insights into emerging trends and future scope for RF-based glucose monitoring technologies.