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<p>This study investigates the use of fermented banana stem (FBS) extract as a sustainable bio-based admixture in M-20 concrete. The novelty of this work lies in utilizing fermentation-derived banana stem extract, which contains organic compounds that may influence cement hydration and particle dispersion. The FBS extract was prepared through a controlled seven-day fermentation process and characterized in terms of basic physical properties, including pH, specific gravity, viscosity, and total dissolved solids. It was then incorporated as a bio-based admixture through partial replacement of mixing water at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The results indicate that workability increased significantly, with slump values rising from 75&#xa0;mm (control) to 112&#xa0;mm at 25% incorporation. Compressive strength improved up to 30.25&#xa0;MPa at 15% replacement, followed by a slight reduction at higher dosages. Water absorption decreased from 0.60% to 0.38% with increasing FBS content, indicating reduced water uptake. The measured water absorption values are lower than typical ranges reported in the literature; therefore, they are presented for comparative evaluation within this study. The findings suggest that moderate incorporation of FBS extract (≈ 15%) can enhance concrete performance. However, the study is limited by the absence of detailed chemical characterization and statistical analysis, and further investigation is required to validate the proposed mechanisms.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Fermented banana stem extract as a workability-enhancing bio-based admixture for concrete

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Gokarna Awasthi,
  • Shankar Bhujel,
  • Tika Sagar Adhikari,
  • Saurav Gautam,
  • Samiksha Ghising,
  • Samika Sunuwar,
  • Kaushal Kumar

摘要

This study investigates the use of fermented banana stem (FBS) extract as a sustainable bio-based admixture in M-20 concrete. The novelty of this work lies in utilizing fermentation-derived banana stem extract, which contains organic compounds that may influence cement hydration and particle dispersion. The FBS extract was prepared through a controlled seven-day fermentation process and characterized in terms of basic physical properties, including pH, specific gravity, viscosity, and total dissolved solids. It was then incorporated as a bio-based admixture through partial replacement of mixing water at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The results indicate that workability increased significantly, with slump values rising from 75 mm (control) to 112 mm at 25% incorporation. Compressive strength improved up to 30.25 MPa at 15% replacement, followed by a slight reduction at higher dosages. Water absorption decreased from 0.60% to 0.38% with increasing FBS content, indicating reduced water uptake. The measured water absorption values are lower than typical ranges reported in the literature; therefore, they are presented for comparative evaluation within this study. The findings suggest that moderate incorporation of FBS extract (≈ 15%) can enhance concrete performance. However, the study is limited by the absence of detailed chemical characterization and statistical analysis, and further investigation is required to validate the proposed mechanisms.

Graphical abstract