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<p>Burnt bricks offer mechanical and cost advantages over sandcrete blocks, yet their traditional clamp kiln production contributes to environmental degradation and health risks. This study investigates sustainable alternatives by producing uncalcined, air-dried bricks from Makurdi clay soil using raw and chemically stabilized formulations. Stabilization was achieved with 5–10% cement and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and the soil’s potential as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) was preliminarily assessed. Chemical and mechanical tests included X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), cube strength, and chloride ion penetration (CIP). Although all samples fell below the 2.5&#xa0;N/mm² threshold set by NIS 87:2004 for non-loadbearing blocks at 28 days, early cube strengths (1.4&#xa0;N/mm² at 7 days; 1.8&#xa0;N/mm² at 14 days) and a sharp UCS increase between 14 and 28 days suggest benefits from extended curing and other enhancement. High CIP buttresses this need. None met ASTM C618 criteria for pozzolans, and strength activity indices (SAI)/ loss on ignition (LOI) values were out of bounds. However, the combined content of silicon dioxide (SiO₂), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), and ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) exceeded 86% in all samples. Kaolinite (23–29% ) was identified, coupled with high silica and alumina levels, and the presence of other clay minerals may indicate latent pozzolanic potential, possibly upon calcination. NaOH stabilization showed modest early strength gain and high reactivity with the most amorphous sample, suggesting potential for activation. Regulatory support will be key to scaling sustainable practices, protecting public health, and fostering employment.</p>

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Evaluation of Makurdi clays for sustainable brick production and their pozzolanic potential

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • John Audu,
  • Sylvester Osuji

摘要

Burnt bricks offer mechanical and cost advantages over sandcrete blocks, yet their traditional clamp kiln production contributes to environmental degradation and health risks. This study investigates sustainable alternatives by producing uncalcined, air-dried bricks from Makurdi clay soil using raw and chemically stabilized formulations. Stabilization was achieved with 5–10% cement and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and the soil’s potential as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) was preliminarily assessed. Chemical and mechanical tests included X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), cube strength, and chloride ion penetration (CIP). Although all samples fell below the 2.5 N/mm² threshold set by NIS 87:2004 for non-loadbearing blocks at 28 days, early cube strengths (1.4 N/mm² at 7 days; 1.8 N/mm² at 14 days) and a sharp UCS increase between 14 and 28 days suggest benefits from extended curing and other enhancement. High CIP buttresses this need. None met ASTM C618 criteria for pozzolans, and strength activity indices (SAI)/ loss on ignition (LOI) values were out of bounds. However, the combined content of silicon dioxide (SiO₂), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), and ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) exceeded 86% in all samples. Kaolinite (23–29% ) was identified, coupled with high silica and alumina levels, and the presence of other clay minerals may indicate latent pozzolanic potential, possibly upon calcination. NaOH stabilization showed modest early strength gain and high reactivity with the most amorphous sample, suggesting potential for activation. Regulatory support will be key to scaling sustainable practices, protecting public health, and fostering employment.