<p>Sustainability in the construction and operation of modern clinical laboratories is crucial for reducing environmental impacts, lowering costs, and meeting regulatory standards. This study examines sustainable building practices tailored to the unique demands of clinical laboratories, guided by three key questions: Which practices are most effective? How do they affect operational and environmental performance? What challenges and opportunities arise in their adoption? A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing peer-reviewed articles, industry reports, and case studies from the past two decades. The review focused on key areas such as energy-efficient design, water conservation, waste minimization, and eco-friendly materials. The findings reveal that sustainable building practices significantly enhance both the environmental and operational performance of clinical laboratories. Energy-efficient designs incorporating advanced HVAC systems and renewable energy sources can reduce energy consumption by up to 40–50%, while optimized water management systems, such as low-flow fixtures, result in water savings of 30–40%. Waste minimization strategies, including advanced recycling programs and reduced single-use plastics, can lower hazardous and non-hazardous waste generation by 25–30%. The use of eco-friendly materials contributes to improved indoor air quality and reduced carbon footprints. However, challenges such as higher upfront costs, regulatory constraints, and technological integration issues must be addressed to facilitate wider adoption. The study concludes that continued innovation and development of industry-specific guidelines are essential for promoting sustainable building practices in clinical laboratories. Future research should explore the long-term benefits and role of emerging technologies, such as smart building systems and advanced energy storage, in enhancing sustainability.</p>