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<p>This study addresses the geochemical mechanisms of authigenic ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) ore formation within modern aeolian sands of the Lake Baikal coastal zone, driven by subaerial groundwater discharge. Despite the extensive knowledge of subaqueous Fe–Mn nodules, the terrestrial lithification of coastal sands remains poorly understood. We employed a multi-analytical approach—including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)—combined with Q-mode and R-mode cluster analysis to decipher the paragenetic sequence and metal sequestration kinetics. Our results reveal that the cement consists of authigenic Mn and Fe (oxy) hydroxides formed at localized redox and pH-driven interfaces. A key finding is the identification of a natural self-organizing system functioning as a geochemical barrier that ensures the spatial separation of Fe and Mn phases due to differences in oxidation kinetics and microbial catalysis. This process represents a rare terrestrial analogue to hydrogenetic sedimentation, demonstrating rapid modern ore genesis. The study establishes that these formations act as a critical geoecological filter, sequestering heavy metals (Ba, Zn, Cu) before they enter the lacustrine system. These findings provide a fundamental baseline for monitoring anthropogenic impacts and understanding the biogeochemical resilience of the Baikal coastal geosystems, offering a new conceptual model for rapid epigenetic mineralization at terrestrial-aquatic interfaces.</p>

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Natural water purification and ferromanganese sandstone formation in the coastal zone of Lake Baikal

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Nikolay I. Akulov,
  • Varvara V. Akulova,
  • Olga Yu. Belozerova,
  • Victor M. Chubarov,
  • Maria N. Rubtsova,
  • Svetlana I. Shtelmakh

摘要

This study addresses the geochemical mechanisms of authigenic ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) ore formation within modern aeolian sands of the Lake Baikal coastal zone, driven by subaerial groundwater discharge. Despite the extensive knowledge of subaqueous Fe–Mn nodules, the terrestrial lithification of coastal sands remains poorly understood. We employed a multi-analytical approach—including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)—combined with Q-mode and R-mode cluster analysis to decipher the paragenetic sequence and metal sequestration kinetics. Our results reveal that the cement consists of authigenic Mn and Fe (oxy) hydroxides formed at localized redox and pH-driven interfaces. A key finding is the identification of a natural self-organizing system functioning as a geochemical barrier that ensures the spatial separation of Fe and Mn phases due to differences in oxidation kinetics and microbial catalysis. This process represents a rare terrestrial analogue to hydrogenetic sedimentation, demonstrating rapid modern ore genesis. The study establishes that these formations act as a critical geoecological filter, sequestering heavy metals (Ba, Zn, Cu) before they enter the lacustrine system. These findings provide a fundamental baseline for monitoring anthropogenic impacts and understanding the biogeochemical resilience of the Baikal coastal geosystems, offering a new conceptual model for rapid epigenetic mineralization at terrestrial-aquatic interfaces.