<p>This article reviews the theoretical foundations, evolution, different approaches and key challenges related to environmental conflict resolution (ECR). The theoretical framework of the article is based on the nexus of environmental justice and institutional governance in the process of environmental conflict resolution, which faces obstacles such as climate nationalism and climate obstruction at the transnational level. Therefore, adopting a cosmopolitan vision is proposed as a solution to overcome these obstacles. The article also, after reviewing existing approaches and models in the field of environmental conflict resolution, identifies other challenges, such as power asymmetries between stakeholders, financial barriers, and limitations to effective participation in environmental conflict resolution, which have prevented the achievement of effective and sustainable results. Finally, the critical analysis of the article shows that future research and policies should focus more on the structural roots of conflicts, particularly the structure of the global economy, linking local and transnational levels, developing frameworks to address power asymmetries in the environmental conflict resolution process, and integrating indigenous knowledge with scientific methods and new technologies to achieve sustainable and equitable resolution of environmental conflicts.</p>