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<p>Gibberellins (GAs) play a critical role in regulating the balance between vegetative and reproductive growth in strawberries; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, a weekly foliar application of GA<sub>3</sub> was performed to plugs of the short-day strawberry cultivar ‘Ninglu’ (<i>Fragaria</i> × <i>ananassa</i>). During the vegetative growth stage, GA<sub>3</sub> treatment increased plant height by 57.7% and mean petiole length by 69.4%, in addition to enhancing the expansion of the leaf lamina and vascular tissues. Developmental analysis of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) revealed that GA<sub>3</sub> delayed floral transition: while all control plants initiated flower buds within 40&#xa0;days, only 77% of GA<sub>3</sub>-treated plants did so. Transcriptional analysis showed that GA<sub>3</sub> significantly upregulated the expression of photoperiod-related genes in leaves, including <i>GIGANTEA</i> (<i>GI</i>), <i>CONSTANS</i> (<i>CO</i>), and <i>FLOWERING LOCUS T 1</i> (<i>FT1</i>), which activated floral integrators such as <i>SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1</i> (<i>SOC1</i>) and <i>TERMINAL FLOWER 1</i> (<i>TFL1</i>). These changes subsequently suppressed key floral activators (<i>APETALA1</i>, <i>AP1</i>; <i>FRUITFULL</i>, <i>FUL</i>; and <i>LEAFY</i>, <i>LFY</i>) in the SAM. Additionally, GA<sub>3</sub> influenced nitrogen partitioning in leaves by modulating the expression of genes associated with nitrogen metabolism (<i>NITRATE REDUCTASE</i>,<i> NR</i>;<i>&#xa0;NITRITE REDUCTASE</i>,<i> NIR</i>;&#xa0;<i>GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE</i>,&#xa0;<i>GS</i>; and&#xa0;<i>FD-GOGAT</i>, <i>GOGAT</i>), transport (<i>NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.2/1.7</i>,&#xa0;<i>NRT1.2/NRT1.7</i>; and&#xa0;<i>AMMONIUM TRANSPORTER 1.1</i>,&#xa0;<i>AMT1.1</i>), and flowering time control (<i>FERREDOXIN-NADP</i>( +)<i>OXIDOREDUCTASE 1</i>,&#xa0;<i>FNR1</i>; and&#xa0;<i>CRYPTOCHROME 1</i>,&#xa0;<i>CRY1</i>). These results suggest that GA<sub>3</sub> may delay floral transition in strawberries through the coordinated modulation of vegetative growth, photoperiod signaling, and nitrogen metabolism, providing mechanistic insights into GA-mediated flowering control and offering potential implications for cultivation management.</p>

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Gibberellin delays floral transition in cultivated strawberry via the coordinated modulation of photoperiod signaling and nitrogen metabolism

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Yushuo Xu,
  • Hongkun Wang,
  • Xiaodong Chen,
  • Juan Xie,
  • Huazhao Yuan,
  • Ejiao Wu,
  • Jing Wang,
  • Yushan Qiao,
  • Fuhua Pang,
  • Jiahui Liang

摘要

Gibberellins (GAs) play a critical role in regulating the balance between vegetative and reproductive growth in strawberries; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, a weekly foliar application of GA3 was performed to plugs of the short-day strawberry cultivar ‘Ninglu’ (Fragaria × ananassa). During the vegetative growth stage, GA3 treatment increased plant height by 57.7% and mean petiole length by 69.4%, in addition to enhancing the expansion of the leaf lamina and vascular tissues. Developmental analysis of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) revealed that GA3 delayed floral transition: while all control plants initiated flower buds within 40 days, only 77% of GA3-treated plants did so. Transcriptional analysis showed that GA3 significantly upregulated the expression of photoperiod-related genes in leaves, including GIGANTEA (GI), CONSTANS (CO), and FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (FT1), which activated floral integrators such as SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1). These changes subsequently suppressed key floral activators (APETALA1, AP1; FRUITFULL, FUL; and LEAFY, LFY) in the SAM. Additionally, GA3 influenced nitrogen partitioning in leaves by modulating the expression of genes associated with nitrogen metabolism (NITRATE REDUCTASE, NR; NITRITE REDUCTASE, NIR; GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE, GS; and FD-GOGAT, GOGAT), transport (NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.2/1.7, NRT1.2/NRT1.7; and AMMONIUM TRANSPORTER 1.1, AMT1.1), and flowering time control (FERREDOXIN-NADP( +)OXIDOREDUCTASE 1, FNR1; and CRYPTOCHROME 1, CRY1). These results suggest that GA3 may delay floral transition in strawberries through the coordinated modulation of vegetative growth, photoperiod signaling, and nitrogen metabolism, providing mechanistic insights into GA-mediated flowering control and offering potential implications for cultivation management.