<p>Hydroponic fodder production has gained global attention as a resource-efficient alternative to conventional green fodder, particularly under conditions of land scarcity, water limitation, and climatic variability. Despite increasing adoption, evidence on its nutritional value, water-use efficiency, and animal performance responses remains fragmented. This systematic review synthesizes published evidence on hydroponic fodder production systems, nutritional transformations during sprouting, water management strategies, and their effects on livestock and poultry productivity. A systematic literature search was conducted across major scientific databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar for studies published between 1985 and 2024. Keywords included hydroponic fodder, sprouted grains, livestock feeding, nutrient composition, and animal performance. Eligible studies included experimental, observational, and controlled feeding trials evaluating hydroponic fodder production characteristics, nutritional composition, intake, digestibility, productivity, and economics in livestock and poultry. Data were extracted and synthesized qualitatively due to methodological heterogeneity. A total of 92 studies met the inclusion criteria. Hydroponic fodder systems ranged from manual low-cost units to fully automated climate-controlled systems, with water savings of 90–98% compared to conventional fodder cultivation. Germination consistently enhanced crude protein concentration, mineral bioavailability, antioxidant content, and digestibility, although dry matter content declined due to high moisture accumulation. Barley, maize, oat, cowpea, and sun hemp emerged as the most suitable crops based on biomass yield and cost efficiency. Feeding trials demonstrated neutral to positive effects on nutrient digestibility, milk yield, growth performance, oxidative status, and economic returns when hydroponic fodder partially replaced conventional fodder. Excessive inclusion, however, reduced dry matter intake due to rumen fill limitations. Hydroponic fodder represents a viable supplementary green feed for livestock and poultry when integrated strategically into balanced rations. System optimization, crop selection, and controlled inclusion levels are critical to realizing its nutritional and economic benefits. Future research should prioritize standardized protocols, long-term productivity trials, and life-cycle sustainability assessments.</p>