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<p>Drylands in Kenya hold significant potential to enhance food security and improve rural livelihoods, yet agricultural productivity remains constrained by persistent climate shocks and land degradation. Despite major investments, most interventions have achieved limited results due to fragmented and isolated innovation approaches that lack sustainability. To address these gaps, this paper examines the adoption of socio-technical innovation bundles to enhance maize productivity in drylands. Using cross-sectional data from 566 households and employing an endogenous switching regression model to address selection bias and endogeneity, the study compares outcomes under bundled innovation adoption with non-adoption outcomes associated with non-bundled innovations. Results show that adopters achieved a 27.3% increase in maize productivity relative to the non-adopters. The average treatment effect on the untreated (β = 6.887, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) indicates that farmers who have not adopted the innovation bundling could experience significant maize productivity gains if they were to adopt it, suggesting considerable untapped adoption potential. Education, gender, and access to credit significantly influenced maize productivity, with complementarities between education and credit enhancing outcomes across both adopters and non-adopters. Robustness checks using propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting regression adjustment confirmed the results’ consistency. The findings demonstrate that innovation bundling enhances maize productivity more sustainably than isolated innovations. Policies promoting innovation bundling, gender-responsive education, and financial training are vital to unlocking the maize productivity potential of dryland farming.</p>

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Drivers and crop productivity impacts of agricultural innovation bundling among smallholder farmers in the drylands of Kenya

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Bwema Ombati Mogaka,
  • Raphael Gitau,
  • Hillary Kiplangat Bett,
  • Mario A. Ortez

摘要

Drylands in Kenya hold significant potential to enhance food security and improve rural livelihoods, yet agricultural productivity remains constrained by persistent climate shocks and land degradation. Despite major investments, most interventions have achieved limited results due to fragmented and isolated innovation approaches that lack sustainability. To address these gaps, this paper examines the adoption of socio-technical innovation bundles to enhance maize productivity in drylands. Using cross-sectional data from 566 households and employing an endogenous switching regression model to address selection bias and endogeneity, the study compares outcomes under bundled innovation adoption with non-adoption outcomes associated with non-bundled innovations. Results show that adopters achieved a 27.3% increase in maize productivity relative to the non-adopters. The average treatment effect on the untreated (β = 6.887, p < 0.01) indicates that farmers who have not adopted the innovation bundling could experience significant maize productivity gains if they were to adopt it, suggesting considerable untapped adoption potential. Education, gender, and access to credit significantly influenced maize productivity, with complementarities between education and credit enhancing outcomes across both adopters and non-adopters. Robustness checks using propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting regression adjustment confirmed the results’ consistency. The findings demonstrate that innovation bundling enhances maize productivity more sustainably than isolated innovations. Policies promoting innovation bundling, gender-responsive education, and financial training are vital to unlocking the maize productivity potential of dryland farming.