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<p>Rising global temperatures are increasing the frequency of extreme high-temperature events, posing a serious threat to boro rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) by disrupting its reproductive growth stages and reducing yield. This study evaluated the physiological and biochemical responses of five boro rice varieties under heat stress (38&#xa0;°C for 7 days) during the booting stage. Key traits such as number of sterile spikelets per panicle, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, net photosynthesis, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidative enzyme activity were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Heat stress induced significant oxidative damage, evidenced by elevated H₂O₂ and MDA levels across all varieties, indicating enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and subsequent lipid peroxidation. In response, heat-tolerant varieties activated robust antioxidant defense systems, particularly increased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, which facilitated ROS detoxification and maintained cellular homeostasis. A strong negative correlation was found between sterile spikelets and fertility rate, highlighting the impact of heat stress on yield components. Among the varieties tested, Binadhan-14 exhibited superior resilience, showing the lowest reduction in fertility rate (65.61%) and grain weight (61.4%) compared to control conditions. This variety also maintained higher stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, electron transport rate, and antioxidative enzyme activity, while accumulating less MDA and H₂O₂ under high temperatures. Collectively, the observed alterations in physiological traits and biochemical parameters suggest that heat stress induces oxidative imbalance, which activates antioxidant defense mechanisms to protect cellular functions and sustain plant performance during the booting stage. These findings provide valuable insights into breeding climate-resilient rice varieties to ensure food security in the face of rising global temperatures.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Heat stress-induced physiological and biochemical changes in boro rice during booting stage

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Jerina Tasnim,
  • Murad Ahmed Farukh,
  • Ahmed Khairul Hasan

摘要

Rising global temperatures are increasing the frequency of extreme high-temperature events, posing a serious threat to boro rice (Oryza sativa L.) by disrupting its reproductive growth stages and reducing yield. This study evaluated the physiological and biochemical responses of five boro rice varieties under heat stress (38 °C for 7 days) during the booting stage. Key traits such as number of sterile spikelets per panicle, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, net photosynthesis, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidative enzyme activity were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Heat stress induced significant oxidative damage, evidenced by elevated H₂O₂ and MDA levels across all varieties, indicating enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and subsequent lipid peroxidation. In response, heat-tolerant varieties activated robust antioxidant defense systems, particularly increased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, which facilitated ROS detoxification and maintained cellular homeostasis. A strong negative correlation was found between sterile spikelets and fertility rate, highlighting the impact of heat stress on yield components. Among the varieties tested, Binadhan-14 exhibited superior resilience, showing the lowest reduction in fertility rate (65.61%) and grain weight (61.4%) compared to control conditions. This variety also maintained higher stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, electron transport rate, and antioxidative enzyme activity, while accumulating less MDA and H₂O₂ under high temperatures. Collectively, the observed alterations in physiological traits and biochemical parameters suggest that heat stress induces oxidative imbalance, which activates antioxidant defense mechanisms to protect cellular functions and sustain plant performance during the booting stage. These findings provide valuable insights into breeding climate-resilient rice varieties to ensure food security in the face of rising global temperatures.

Graphical Abstract