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<p>Food insecurity remains a persistent challenge in semi-arid East Africa. To examine these issues, a systematic review of studies published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Boolean keyword combinations were applied, including food insecurity, semi-arid East Africa, climate change, agricultural practices, pastoral livelihoods, malnutrition, conflict and food security, water management, underutilized crops, innovation adoption, and resilience strategies. Results show that climate change drives food insecurity through droughts, irregular rainfall, and heat stress. Political instability and recurring conflict&#xa0;further undermine food security. These pressures reduce agricultural output, degrade soils, weaken pastoral livelihoods, and increase malnutrition risks, progressively deepening poverty and eroding household and community resilience. Promising interventions include drought-tolerant crops, rainwater harvesting, conservation farming, and pastoral mobility, which strengthen adaptive capacity but remain underutilized. Sorghum and millet&#xa0;provide nutrition and climate resilience yet face adoption barriers due to weak institutions, poor market access, and fragmented policies. Overall, the review highlights that integrating local knowledge with scientific advances and conflict-sensitive approaches is essential for sustainable agricultural transformation. Addressing inequalities, institutional weaknesses, and insecurity is critical for achieving long-term food security in semi-arid East Africa.</p>

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A systematic literature review of food insecurity drivers and interventions in semi-arid East Africa

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Munulo Labani,
  • Florence Wakhu-Wamunga,
  • Fanuel Kiptoo Letting,
  • Gezahegn Gashu

摘要

Food insecurity remains a persistent challenge in semi-arid East Africa. To examine these issues, a systematic review of studies published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Boolean keyword combinations were applied, including food insecurity, semi-arid East Africa, climate change, agricultural practices, pastoral livelihoods, malnutrition, conflict and food security, water management, underutilized crops, innovation adoption, and resilience strategies. Results show that climate change drives food insecurity through droughts, irregular rainfall, and heat stress. Political instability and recurring conflict further undermine food security. These pressures reduce agricultural output, degrade soils, weaken pastoral livelihoods, and increase malnutrition risks, progressively deepening poverty and eroding household and community resilience. Promising interventions include drought-tolerant crops, rainwater harvesting, conservation farming, and pastoral mobility, which strengthen adaptive capacity but remain underutilized. Sorghum and millet provide nutrition and climate resilience yet face adoption barriers due to weak institutions, poor market access, and fragmented policies. Overall, the review highlights that integrating local knowledge with scientific advances and conflict-sensitive approaches is essential for sustainable agricultural transformation. Addressing inequalities, institutional weaknesses, and insecurity is critical for achieving long-term food security in semi-arid East Africa.