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<p>Rapid urbanization and industrial activity in Aba, Nigeria, generate substantial volumes of manufacturing waste, including leather off-cuts, plastic scraps, sawdust, and textile residues, much of which is disposed of through open burning or landfilling. This study aimed to assess whether these by-products can be recycled into affordable, technically viable, and environmentally beneficial construction materials for estate development. An experimental design comprising waste stream quantification, prototype fabrication, laboratory testing, economic and environmental analysis, and user perception surveys was adopted. Waste availability was determined from six industrial sectors, with monthly generation ranging from 4.2 tonnes (aluminium shavings) to 16.3 tonnes (leather off-cuts), and usable fractions between 38–68%. Four prototypes; sawdust–cement block, plastic–cement composite, recycled leather board, and textile–plaster panel were produced (n = 10 samples per test) and assessed for density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, water absorption, and moisture resistance. plastic–cement composite achieved the highest compressive strength (17.4 ± 6&#xa0;MPa) and low thermal conductivity (0.28 ± 0.12&#xa0;W/m·K), while sawdust–cement block offered superior insulation (0.24 ± 0.1&#xa0;W/m·K) with adequate strength (10.9 ± 2&#xa0;MPa). Cost analysis showed 15–26% savings over hollow concrete blocks, with CO<sub>2</sub> emission reductions up to 37% and waste diversion up to 11.5&#xa0;kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A survey of 80 households revealed high willingness to adopt plastic–cement composite (87%) and sawdust–cement block (81%). Results indicate that plastic–cement composites and sawdust–cement blocks presented the most balanced performance across structural, thermal, economic, environmental, and social criteria. Scaling production will require regulatory approval, organized waste supply chains, and targeted market engagement to integrate these materials into sustainable housing delivery in Nigeria.Affiliations: Journal instruction requires a city for affiliations; however, this is missing in affiliation [1]. Please verify if the provided city is correct and amend if necessary.Affliation 1 has been modified appropriately. The city is Umuagwo</p>

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Recycling industrial by-products into affordable and sustainable construction materials for housing

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月15日

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  • Francis Ugochukwu Madu,
  • Agnes Chinatu Nnamdi,
  • Adaugo Sylvia Chukwukere,
  • Chukwunweike Gerald Anozie,
  • Chinonso Emmanuel Unagha,
  • Ogechi Euna Ugochukwu

摘要

Rapid urbanization and industrial activity in Aba, Nigeria, generate substantial volumes of manufacturing waste, including leather off-cuts, plastic scraps, sawdust, and textile residues, much of which is disposed of through open burning or landfilling. This study aimed to assess whether these by-products can be recycled into affordable, technically viable, and environmentally beneficial construction materials for estate development. An experimental design comprising waste stream quantification, prototype fabrication, laboratory testing, economic and environmental analysis, and user perception surveys was adopted. Waste availability was determined from six industrial sectors, with monthly generation ranging from 4.2 tonnes (aluminium shavings) to 16.3 tonnes (leather off-cuts), and usable fractions between 38–68%. Four prototypes; sawdust–cement block, plastic–cement composite, recycled leather board, and textile–plaster panel were produced (n = 10 samples per test) and assessed for density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, water absorption, and moisture resistance. plastic–cement composite achieved the highest compressive strength (17.4 ± 6 MPa) and low thermal conductivity (0.28 ± 0.12 W/m·K), while sawdust–cement block offered superior insulation (0.24 ± 0.1 W/m·K) with adequate strength (10.9 ± 2 MPa). Cost analysis showed 15–26% savings over hollow concrete blocks, with CO2 emission reductions up to 37% and waste diversion up to 11.5 kg/m2. A survey of 80 households revealed high willingness to adopt plastic–cement composite (87%) and sawdust–cement block (81%). Results indicate that plastic–cement composites and sawdust–cement blocks presented the most balanced performance across structural, thermal, economic, environmental, and social criteria. Scaling production will require regulatory approval, organized waste supply chains, and targeted market engagement to integrate these materials into sustainable housing delivery in Nigeria.Affiliations: Journal instruction requires a city for affiliations; however, this is missing in affiliation [1]. Please verify if the provided city is correct and amend if necessary.Affliation 1 has been modified appropriately. The city is Umuagwo