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<p>This study investigated the impact of reclaimed water reuse on pharmaceutical residues and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in irrigation water and agricultural soils in the Middle Jordan Valley, Jordan, under freshwater and reclaimed (blended) irrigation. Twenty-four water grab samples and 32 composite topsoil samples were collected between 2019 and 2021 from three farms irrigated with freshwater (reference), reclaimed water for 5–10&#xa0;years, and reclaimed water for &gt; 10&#xa0;years. Samples were analyzed for two pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine and diclofenac) and five antibiotics by LC–MS/MS and screened for 14 ARG/MGE targets by PCR. Pharmaceutical concentrations were generally higher in reclaimed water than in freshwater. Carbamazepine ranged from &lt; 2.00 to 249.4&#xa0;ng/L in freshwater and 3–1280&#xa0;ng/L in reclaimed water, while diclofenac ranged from &lt; 2.00 to 14.60&#xa0;ng/L and &lt; 2.00 to 110&#xa0;ng/L, respectively. Antibiotics were not detected in freshwater but were intermittently detected in reclaimed water (e.g., erythromycin and fluoroquinolones). In soils, antibiotics were not detected; carbamazepine was not detected in freshwater-irrigated soils but occurred in reclaimed-irrigated soils, increasing with irrigation duration (0.61–4.63&#xa0;µg/kg for 5–10&#xa0;years and up to 17.58&#xa0;µg/kg for &gt; 10&#xa0;years). Diclofenac was also higher under long-term reclaimed irrigation (up to 10.41&#xa0;µg/kg). ARG/MGE targets were detected in most water and soil samples, with no significant differences in detection frequency between irrigation types (p &gt; 0.05). These findings highlight the need to focus on these emerging contaminants by including them in monitoring programs and policies for wastewater reuse to better manage potential environmental and health risks.</p>

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Assessment of pharmaceutical residues and antimicrobial resistance genes in water and soil irrigated with reclaimed water in the Middle Jordan Valley

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Almoayied Assayed,
  • Ayat Hazaymeh,
  • Husameddin Alhaj Ali,
  • Nanci Alziq,
  • Mu’men Alrwashdeh,
  • Nisreen Al-Hmoud

摘要

This study investigated the impact of reclaimed water reuse on pharmaceutical residues and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in irrigation water and agricultural soils in the Middle Jordan Valley, Jordan, under freshwater and reclaimed (blended) irrigation. Twenty-four water grab samples and 32 composite topsoil samples were collected between 2019 and 2021 from three farms irrigated with freshwater (reference), reclaimed water for 5–10 years, and reclaimed water for > 10 years. Samples were analyzed for two pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine and diclofenac) and five antibiotics by LC–MS/MS and screened for 14 ARG/MGE targets by PCR. Pharmaceutical concentrations were generally higher in reclaimed water than in freshwater. Carbamazepine ranged from < 2.00 to 249.4 ng/L in freshwater and 3–1280 ng/L in reclaimed water, while diclofenac ranged from < 2.00 to 14.60 ng/L and < 2.00 to 110 ng/L, respectively. Antibiotics were not detected in freshwater but were intermittently detected in reclaimed water (e.g., erythromycin and fluoroquinolones). In soils, antibiotics were not detected; carbamazepine was not detected in freshwater-irrigated soils but occurred in reclaimed-irrigated soils, increasing with irrigation duration (0.61–4.63 µg/kg for 5–10 years and up to 17.58 µg/kg for > 10 years). Diclofenac was also higher under long-term reclaimed irrigation (up to 10.41 µg/kg). ARG/MGE targets were detected in most water and soil samples, with no significant differences in detection frequency between irrigation types (p > 0.05). These findings highlight the need to focus on these emerging contaminants by including them in monitoring programs and policies for wastewater reuse to better manage potential environmental and health risks.