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<p>The widespread use of synthetic chemicals has critically impacted the self-regeneration capacity of natural ecosystems, necessitating eco-sustainable strategies for environmental remediation. Biochar (BC)-carbonaceous material produced from the pyrolysis of biomass has received acknowledgement in recent times as an eco-friendly pollutant removal substance. This review examines the potential of BC and its nano-scale derivative, nano-biochar (NBC), for applications in soil and water treatment. The synthesis, surface modification, and characterization of BC and NBC produced from agricultural residues and by-products are discussed in detail. Special focus is placed on property modification techniques such as chemical oxidation and CO<sub>2</sub> activation, which enhance the surface functionality and porosity of BC. The influence of pyrolysis temperature and biomass type on physicochemical characteristics of NBC-such as surface charge, zeta potential, and dispersibility-is critically examined, linking these properties to pollutant removal efficiency. NBC produced at higher temperatures (450–600&#xa0;°C) showed a markedly greater surface area (342–430 m<sup>2</sup>/g) due to the removal of volatiles and formation of porous structures. A higher negative zeta potential of NBC (− 19.4 to − 87&#xa0;mV) further reflected enhanced dispersibility and colloidal stability compared to conventional biochar. Key adsorption mechanisms, including ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, and pore-filling, are elaborated. The environmental applications of BC and NBC-based composites, including their effectiveness in removing emerging contaminants, such as volatile organic compounds and heavy metals, from water and soil, are also addressed. Furthermore, regeneration strategies for spent BC are evaluated, highlighting their significance in reducing secondary pollution risks and enabling the recovery of adsorbed pollutants for potential reuse. The findings underscore the potential of BC and NBC as versatile and scalable materials for environmental remediation. By integrating biomass valorization with pollution control and advancing modification and regeneration techniques, BC and NBC can play a pivotal role in promoting sustainable resource management and supporting circular economy practices.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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An approach to environmental remediation with biochar (BC) and nanobiochar (NBC) based composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Remya R. Chandran,
  • Julie Chandra C. S.

摘要

The widespread use of synthetic chemicals has critically impacted the self-regeneration capacity of natural ecosystems, necessitating eco-sustainable strategies for environmental remediation. Biochar (BC)-carbonaceous material produced from the pyrolysis of biomass has received acknowledgement in recent times as an eco-friendly pollutant removal substance. This review examines the potential of BC and its nano-scale derivative, nano-biochar (NBC), for applications in soil and water treatment. The synthesis, surface modification, and characterization of BC and NBC produced from agricultural residues and by-products are discussed in detail. Special focus is placed on property modification techniques such as chemical oxidation and CO2 activation, which enhance the surface functionality and porosity of BC. The influence of pyrolysis temperature and biomass type on physicochemical characteristics of NBC-such as surface charge, zeta potential, and dispersibility-is critically examined, linking these properties to pollutant removal efficiency. NBC produced at higher temperatures (450–600 °C) showed a markedly greater surface area (342–430 m2/g) due to the removal of volatiles and formation of porous structures. A higher negative zeta potential of NBC (− 19.4 to − 87 mV) further reflected enhanced dispersibility and colloidal stability compared to conventional biochar. Key adsorption mechanisms, including ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, and pore-filling, are elaborated. The environmental applications of BC and NBC-based composites, including their effectiveness in removing emerging contaminants, such as volatile organic compounds and heavy metals, from water and soil, are also addressed. Furthermore, regeneration strategies for spent BC are evaluated, highlighting their significance in reducing secondary pollution risks and enabling the recovery of adsorbed pollutants for potential reuse. The findings underscore the potential of BC and NBC as versatile and scalable materials for environmental remediation. By integrating biomass valorization with pollution control and advancing modification and regeneration techniques, BC and NBC can play a pivotal role in promoting sustainable resource management and supporting circular economy practices.

Graphical abstract