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Background <p>Household air pollution remains a major environmental and public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, primarily driven by reliance on biomass and other polluting fuels. Despite Nigeria’s abundant energy resources, the transition to clean cooking fuels has been slow and uneven. This study assessed the prevalence, regional disparities, and sociodemographic determinants of clean cooking fuel utilization among Nigerian households using nationally representative data.</p> Methods <p>Data from the 2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), a nationally representative stratified two-stage cluster sample, were analyzed. Weighted descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations were used to describe household and regional variations in clean cooking fuel use. Determinants were identified using bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression models. Results are presented as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p> Results <p>Overall, clean cooking fuel utilization remained low at 31%, with substantial regional and socioeconomic inequalities. The South West recorded the highest prevalence (70.9%), followed by the South South (52.0%) and South East (35.1%), while the North East (4.0%) and North West (7.1%) had the lowest levels. Clean fuel use was significantly associated with higher educational attainment, smaller household size, younger age of the household head, higher wealth status, and urban residence (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). After adjustment, households with higher education (aOR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.48–2.23) and those in the South West (aOR = 7.44; 95% CI 6.18–8.95) were most likely to use clean fuels. The richest and poorest wealth quintiles were omitted from regression due to complete separation, reflecting near-universal clean fuel use among the richest and very low use among the poorest.</p> Conclusion <p>Clean cooking fuel adoption in Nigeria remains low and highly unequal, reflecting deep socioeconomic and geographic disparities. Efforts to expand access should prioritize rural and northern regions through targeted subsidies, infrastructure development, and educational campaigns that promote awareness of the health and environmental benefits of clean cooking. Addressing these inequities is essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 and reducing household air pollution-related health burdens.</p>

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Regional inequalities in clean cooking fuel utilization among Nigerian households using the 2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Jamilu Sani,
  • Nathaniel Bayode Eniolorunda,
  • Abdulrazak Ahmed,
  • Anas Fagge Usman,
  • Yetunde A. Arigbede,
  • Rafiu Olalekan Yusuf,
  • Salad Halane,
  • Michael Larbi Odame

摘要

Background

Household air pollution remains a major environmental and public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, primarily driven by reliance on biomass and other polluting fuels. Despite Nigeria’s abundant energy resources, the transition to clean cooking fuels has been slow and uneven. This study assessed the prevalence, regional disparities, and sociodemographic determinants of clean cooking fuel utilization among Nigerian households using nationally representative data.

Methods

Data from the 2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), a nationally representative stratified two-stage cluster sample, were analyzed. Weighted descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations were used to describe household and regional variations in clean cooking fuel use. Determinants were identified using bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression models. Results are presented as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results

Overall, clean cooking fuel utilization remained low at 31%, with substantial regional and socioeconomic inequalities. The South West recorded the highest prevalence (70.9%), followed by the South South (52.0%) and South East (35.1%), while the North East (4.0%) and North West (7.1%) had the lowest levels. Clean fuel use was significantly associated with higher educational attainment, smaller household size, younger age of the household head, higher wealth status, and urban residence (p < 0.001). After adjustment, households with higher education (aOR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.48–2.23) and those in the South West (aOR = 7.44; 95% CI 6.18–8.95) were most likely to use clean fuels. The richest and poorest wealth quintiles were omitted from regression due to complete separation, reflecting near-universal clean fuel use among the richest and very low use among the poorest.

Conclusion

Clean cooking fuel adoption in Nigeria remains low and highly unequal, reflecting deep socioeconomic and geographic disparities. Efforts to expand access should prioritize rural and northern regions through targeted subsidies, infrastructure development, and educational campaigns that promote awareness of the health and environmental benefits of clean cooking. Addressing these inequities is essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 and reducing household air pollution-related health burdens.