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<p>Groundwater is a vital resource for domestic and agricultural use in hard rock terrains such as Mettur Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India. This study evaluates groundwater hydrogeochemistry, fluoride contamination, irrigation suitability, and associated human health risks using multivariate statistics and geospatial techniques. A total of 47 groundwater samples were collected during the post-monsoon season of 2024 and analyzed for major physicochemical parameters. Fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 3.2&#xa0;mg/L, with 38% of samples exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit of 1.5&#xa0;mg/L. Piper and Gibbs diagrams indicate that groundwater chemistry is predominantly controlled by rock–water interaction, with Ca–HCO₃ and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl facies dominating. Correlation analysis reveals that fluoride enrichment is strongly associated with bicarbonate, calcium, sodium, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids, suggesting geogenic control through mineral dissolution and ion exchange processes. Irrigation suitability assessment using Wilcox classification, sodium percentage, Kelly’s ratio, magnesium adsorption ratio, and sodium adsorption ratio indicates that approximately 78% of samples are suitable for irrigation, while about 20% fall under questionable to unsuitable categories. Human health risk assessment shows that children are the most vulnerable group, with hazard quotient values exceeding unity in several locations. The study highlights the need for continuous groundwater monitoring and targeted mitigation strategies to ensure safe drinking water and sustainable agricultural practices in fluoride-affected hard rock regions.</p>

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Fluoride contamination and its health implications in the groundwater using multivariate and geospatial analysis in Mettur Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Gurugnanam Balasubramaniyan,
  • Bagyaraj Murugesan,
  • Bairavi Swaminathan,
  • E. Nandakumar,
  • Pragadeeshwaran Kannan,
  • Shankar Karuppannan,
  • M. Suresh

摘要

Groundwater is a vital resource for domestic and agricultural use in hard rock terrains such as Mettur Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India. This study evaluates groundwater hydrogeochemistry, fluoride contamination, irrigation suitability, and associated human health risks using multivariate statistics and geospatial techniques. A total of 47 groundwater samples were collected during the post-monsoon season of 2024 and analyzed for major physicochemical parameters. Fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 3.2 mg/L, with 38% of samples exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L. Piper and Gibbs diagrams indicate that groundwater chemistry is predominantly controlled by rock–water interaction, with Ca–HCO₃ and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl facies dominating. Correlation analysis reveals that fluoride enrichment is strongly associated with bicarbonate, calcium, sodium, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids, suggesting geogenic control through mineral dissolution and ion exchange processes. Irrigation suitability assessment using Wilcox classification, sodium percentage, Kelly’s ratio, magnesium adsorption ratio, and sodium adsorption ratio indicates that approximately 78% of samples are suitable for irrigation, while about 20% fall under questionable to unsuitable categories. Human health risk assessment shows that children are the most vulnerable group, with hazard quotient values exceeding unity in several locations. The study highlights the need for continuous groundwater monitoring and targeted mitigation strategies to ensure safe drinking water and sustainable agricultural practices in fluoride-affected hard rock regions.