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<p>This study evaluated the potential of biosorbents derived from <i>Raphia farinifera</i> inflorescence for the removal of atrazine from water. Raw (RFI-RAW), cellulose (RFI-C), nanocellulose (RFI-NCC), and xanthated nanocellulose (RFI-NCC-Xan) biosorbents were prepared and characterized using FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted under varying conditions of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, contact time, and temperature. RFI-NCC-Xan achieved a maximum removal efficiency of 99.71% at pH 6, 40&#xa0;°C, and an optimum contact time of 80&#xa0;min, while RFI-C exhibited the highest adsorption capacity under Langmuir isotherm fitting (qₘ = 99.78&#xa0;mg/g). Non-linear isotherm models provided superior fits compared with linear forms, with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.942–0.996 and RMSE &lt; 0.012, confirming the suitability of Langmuir and Sips models. Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo-second-order model, with calculated and experimental adsorption capacities in close agreement (qₑ,exp = 9.82&#xa0;mg/g; qₑ,calc = 9.74&#xa0;mg/g for RFI-NCC-Xan). Thermodynamic evaluation from both linear and non-linear Van’t Hoff analysis indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous (ΔG° =  − 1.34 to − 6.27&#xa0;kJ&#xa0;mol<sup>−1</sup> at 298&#xa0;K) and endothermic, with ΔH° values ranging from + 94.7 to + 185.3&#xa0;kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> depending on the biosorbent. Non-linear analysis provided more consistent ΔH° and ΔS° estimates, confirming the energetic favorability and entropy-driven nature of the process. Regeneration studies showed that RFI-NCC-Xan retained 81.59% efficiency after three cycles using 0.1&#xa0;M NaOH, highlighting its stability and reusability. Application to real wastewater from Aninri, Enugu State, Nigeria, demonstrated &gt; 93% atrazine removal during both dry and wet seasons. These findings establish <i>Raphia farinifera</i>-based biosorbents as cost-effective, renewable materials with strong potential for agricultural water treatment and sustainable herbicide remediation.</p>

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Development of novel nanocellulose based biofunctional materials from Raphia farinifera inflorescence with enhanced structural properties for high efficiency removal of hazardous organic contaminants from water

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月23日

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  • Chukwuebuka Gabriel Eze,
  • Emmanuel Agboeze,
  • I. P. Udeozo,
  • Vitus Anayo Ofordile,
  • Henry Okechukwu Agboeze

摘要

This study evaluated the potential of biosorbents derived from Raphia farinifera inflorescence for the removal of atrazine from water. Raw (RFI-RAW), cellulose (RFI-C), nanocellulose (RFI-NCC), and xanthated nanocellulose (RFI-NCC-Xan) biosorbents were prepared and characterized using FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted under varying conditions of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, contact time, and temperature. RFI-NCC-Xan achieved a maximum removal efficiency of 99.71% at pH 6, 40 °C, and an optimum contact time of 80 min, while RFI-C exhibited the highest adsorption capacity under Langmuir isotherm fitting (qₘ = 99.78 mg/g). Non-linear isotherm models provided superior fits compared with linear forms, with R2 values of 0.942–0.996 and RMSE < 0.012, confirming the suitability of Langmuir and Sips models. Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo-second-order model, with calculated and experimental adsorption capacities in close agreement (qₑ,exp = 9.82 mg/g; qₑ,calc = 9.74 mg/g for RFI-NCC-Xan). Thermodynamic evaluation from both linear and non-linear Van’t Hoff analysis indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous (ΔG° =  − 1.34 to − 6.27 kJ mol−1 at 298 K) and endothermic, with ΔH° values ranging from + 94.7 to + 185.3 kJ·mol−1 depending on the biosorbent. Non-linear analysis provided more consistent ΔH° and ΔS° estimates, confirming the energetic favorability and entropy-driven nature of the process. Regeneration studies showed that RFI-NCC-Xan retained 81.59% efficiency after three cycles using 0.1 M NaOH, highlighting its stability and reusability. Application to real wastewater from Aninri, Enugu State, Nigeria, demonstrated > 93% atrazine removal during both dry and wet seasons. These findings establish Raphia farinifera-based biosorbents as cost-effective, renewable materials with strong potential for agricultural water treatment and sustainable herbicide remediation.