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<p>The growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is closely linked to the discharge of pharmaceuticals into the environment, particularly from hospital effluents. This study examines the occurrence of antibiotic residues and multidrug-resistant bacteria in wastewater from Tirunesh Beijing General Hospital in Ethiopia. This is a healthcare facility previously unexamined in this context. Wastewater samples were analyzed to quantify pharmaceutical residues (ciprofloxacin, ibuprofen, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and diclofenac) using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates was conducted using the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Then, the isolates were presumptively identified based on selective media and colony morphology. The results indicated that concentrations of ceftriaxone (94.15 ± 14.8&#xa0;µg/L) and ciprofloxacin (2.93 ± 1.24&#xa0;µg/L) exceeded the predicted no-effect thresholds for AMR selection, with risk quotients (RQ) of 3138 and 48.9, respectively. Non-antibiotic anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including ibuprofen (64.93 ± 10.91&#xa0;µg/L) and&#xa0;diclofenac (37.43 ± 7.91&#xa0;µg/L), were also present at levels suggesting potential ecological hazards. The validated HPLC method demonstrated high sensitivity (LOD: 0.0279–0.39&#xa0;µg/L), precision (RSD &lt; 2%), and recovery rates (92–113%). Isolated bacterial strains exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR), which includes resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. The co-occurrence of high-risk antibiotics and resistant bacteria within untreated effluents highlights the urgent need for on-site wastewater treatment and regulation of pharmaceutical discharges. These findings highlight hospital wastewater as a critical AMR hotspot in low-resource settings, where untreated wastewater may directly contaminate surrounding ecosystems.</p>

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Antibiotic residues and multidrug resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella in wastewater from Tirunesh Beijing hospital, Ethiopia

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月18日

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  • Genetu Tesfa Teferi,
  • Abebe Worku Gebeyehu,
  • Tsedekech Gebremeskel Weldemichael,
  • Jemal Fito Nure

摘要

The growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is closely linked to the discharge of pharmaceuticals into the environment, particularly from hospital effluents. This study examines the occurrence of antibiotic residues and multidrug-resistant bacteria in wastewater from Tirunesh Beijing General Hospital in Ethiopia. This is a healthcare facility previously unexamined in this context. Wastewater samples were analyzed to quantify pharmaceutical residues (ciprofloxacin, ibuprofen, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and diclofenac) using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates was conducted using the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Then, the isolates were presumptively identified based on selective media and colony morphology. The results indicated that concentrations of ceftriaxone (94.15 ± 14.8 µg/L) and ciprofloxacin (2.93 ± 1.24 µg/L) exceeded the predicted no-effect thresholds for AMR selection, with risk quotients (RQ) of 3138 and 48.9, respectively. Non-antibiotic anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including ibuprofen (64.93 ± 10.91 µg/L) and diclofenac (37.43 ± 7.91 µg/L), were also present at levels suggesting potential ecological hazards. The validated HPLC method demonstrated high sensitivity (LOD: 0.0279–0.39 µg/L), precision (RSD < 2%), and recovery rates (92–113%). Isolated bacterial strains exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR), which includes resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. The co-occurrence of high-risk antibiotics and resistant bacteria within untreated effluents highlights the urgent need for on-site wastewater treatment and regulation of pharmaceutical discharges. These findings highlight hospital wastewater as a critical AMR hotspot in low-resource settings, where untreated wastewater may directly contaminate surrounding ecosystems.