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<p>As the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes a substantial global health burden. Immunotherapy has transformed HCC management, encompassing immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine-based therapies, adoptive cell therapies, and oncolytic viruses. Clinical research is increasingly focused on combination immunotherapy, which offers improved treatment prospects, particularly for patients with unresectable HCC. This review provides a concise overview of the HCC immune microenvironment, emphasizing the role of immune cells in HCC pathogenesis and progression. Additionally, it examines the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC immunotherapy, summarizes relevant clinical trials and their outcomes, discusses key therapeutic agents and combination strategies, and addresses current challenges and future directions in the field.</p>

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Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月4日

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  • Zhiqi Guan,
  • Guiqi Zhu,
  • Weiren Liu,
  • Yinghong Shi

摘要

As the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes a substantial global health burden. Immunotherapy has transformed HCC management, encompassing immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine-based therapies, adoptive cell therapies, and oncolytic viruses. Clinical research is increasingly focused on combination immunotherapy, which offers improved treatment prospects, particularly for patients with unresectable HCC. This review provides a concise overview of the HCC immune microenvironment, emphasizing the role of immune cells in HCC pathogenesis and progression. Additionally, it examines the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC immunotherapy, summarizes relevant clinical trials and their outcomes, discusses key therapeutic agents and combination strategies, and addresses current challenges and future directions in the field.