<p>As a core regulatory node in human pathophysiological processes, temperature imbalance has become increasingly prominent in clinical significance. In the diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients, temperature management has evolved into a core strategy integrating multidimensional pathophysiological pathways. The Target Temperature Management (TTM) system established by the International Society of Critical Care Medicine marks a shift from empirical intervention to precision treatment, demonstrating efficacy in conditions such as myocardial protection and sepsis. However, it also presents challenges, including conflicts between immunosuppression and inflammation control, as well as effects on coagulation function. With the integration of precision medicine concepts, optimizing temperature management strategies now faces new challenges, such as constructing intelligent decision-making systems.</p>