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<p>Urban morphology plays a pivotal role in shaping both air quality and thermal environments, yet their interactions remain insufficiently understood, particularly across different seasons. This study investigates the mediating role of land surface temperature (LST) in the relationship between impervious surface-based landscape metrics and PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration, using Wuhan, China, as a case study. Drawing on remote sensing data from the year of 2023 and 2024, this study constructed seasonal mediation models to explore how impervious surface-based landscape metrics influence PM<sub>2.5</sub> either directly or through thermal pathways. In summer (August 2023), only the Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index (SHAPE_AM) showed a meaningful mediation pathway, exerting a significant indirect effect on LST via PM₂.₅ (ab = 0.0192, 95% BCI [0.0132, 0.0256]), although its dominant contribution remained direct (c′ = 0.115). Here, ab denotes the indirect effect through the mediator (LST), c′ represents the direct effect after controlling for mediation, c is the total effect, and BCI refers to the bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval used to assess significance. Other indicators such as Percentage of Landscape (PLAND), Aggregation Index (AI) and Number of Patches (NP) exhibited negligible or non-significant mediation effects. In contrast, winter (January 2024) revealed more diverse pathways: PLAND (ab = 0.0029), AI (ab = 0.0022), and NP (ab = 0.0078) all displayed significant though modest indirect effects through LST, while SHAPE_AM showed a notable negative mediation effect (ab = –0.0444, 95% BCI [–0.0709, –0.0201]). Across both seasons, NP consistently exerted the strongest direct influence on PM₂.₅ (c′ = 0.3239 in winter; c′ = 0.0592 in summer), underscoring its critical role as a measure of landscape fragmentation. Taken together, these findings provide a clear take-home message: in summer, only SHAPE_AM matters via mediation; in winter, multiple metrics (PLAND, AI, NP) are involved; and across seasons, NP consistently dominates. This highlights the dual regulatory role of urban morphology and pollution in shaping urban climates and offers quantitative evidence for climate-responsive and pollution-sensitive urban planning.</p>

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Untangling the interplay between impervious surface landscape metric, thermal environment, and air pollution: a seasonal mediation analysis in Wuhan

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月13日

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  • Ruihan Qiu,
  • Qingming Zhan,
  • Shiqi Tu,
  • Zhiyu Fan,
  • Changling Li,
  • Yilei Zhang

摘要

Urban morphology plays a pivotal role in shaping both air quality and thermal environments, yet their interactions remain insufficiently understood, particularly across different seasons. This study investigates the mediating role of land surface temperature (LST) in the relationship between impervious surface-based landscape metrics and PM2.5 concentration, using Wuhan, China, as a case study. Drawing on remote sensing data from the year of 2023 and 2024, this study constructed seasonal mediation models to explore how impervious surface-based landscape metrics influence PM2.5 either directly or through thermal pathways. In summer (August 2023), only the Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index (SHAPE_AM) showed a meaningful mediation pathway, exerting a significant indirect effect on LST via PM₂.₅ (ab = 0.0192, 95% BCI [0.0132, 0.0256]), although its dominant contribution remained direct (c′ = 0.115). Here, ab denotes the indirect effect through the mediator (LST), c′ represents the direct effect after controlling for mediation, c is the total effect, and BCI refers to the bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval used to assess significance. Other indicators such as Percentage of Landscape (PLAND), Aggregation Index (AI) and Number of Patches (NP) exhibited negligible or non-significant mediation effects. In contrast, winter (January 2024) revealed more diverse pathways: PLAND (ab = 0.0029), AI (ab = 0.0022), and NP (ab = 0.0078) all displayed significant though modest indirect effects through LST, while SHAPE_AM showed a notable negative mediation effect (ab = –0.0444, 95% BCI [–0.0709, –0.0201]). Across both seasons, NP consistently exerted the strongest direct influence on PM₂.₅ (c′ = 0.3239 in winter; c′ = 0.0592 in summer), underscoring its critical role as a measure of landscape fragmentation. Taken together, these findings provide a clear take-home message: in summer, only SHAPE_AM matters via mediation; in winter, multiple metrics (PLAND, AI, NP) are involved; and across seasons, NP consistently dominates. This highlights the dual regulatory role of urban morphology and pollution in shaping urban climates and offers quantitative evidence for climate-responsive and pollution-sensitive urban planning.