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<p>The doctrine of double effect (DDE) states that if an action is permissible, then any resulting evil is merely foreseen, not intended. However, DDE sometimes classifies actions as permissible contrary to our intuitions. This is the “closeness problem.” Although various solutions have been proposed, none has conclusively succeeded. I propose and defend a care solution, inspired by H. G. Frankfurt’s notion of caring: If an action which causes an evil effect is permissible, then the agent cares about avoiding harm to the victim who suffers from the evil effect. I argue that the closeness problem arises when an agent does not care about this. In such cases, the action which causes the evil effect is not permissible.</p>

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A care solution to the closeness problem for the doctrine of double effect

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月29日

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  • Kodai Sato

摘要

The doctrine of double effect (DDE) states that if an action is permissible, then any resulting evil is merely foreseen, not intended. However, DDE sometimes classifies actions as permissible contrary to our intuitions. This is the “closeness problem.” Although various solutions have been proposed, none has conclusively succeeded. I propose and defend a care solution, inspired by H. G. Frankfurt’s notion of caring: If an action which causes an evil effect is permissible, then the agent cares about avoiding harm to the victim who suffers from the evil effect. I argue that the closeness problem arises when an agent does not care about this. In such cases, the action which causes the evil effect is not permissible.