<p>The large-scale emergence of photovoltaic and wind power generation has led to significant changes in the energy structure, thereby creating new challenges in the optimization and control of diverse and heterogeneous energy sources. Therefore, numerous researchers have conducted extensive studies aimed at improving the utilization rate of these diverse energy sources and reducing waste. This article reviews the research background, objectives, current status, and prospects of optimizing energy. It introduces the challenges and opportunities that energy systems face with the development of renewable energy and energy storage technologies. The discussion revolves around the methods of multi-source heterogeneous energy optimization scheduling to achieve intelligent scheduling and efficient operation of energy systems. The study summarizes the mainstream mathematical modeling and optimization algorithms, intelligent optimization techniques, and real-time data processing technologies. It compares the significant roles of different scheduling methods in improving the efficiency of heterogeneous energy utilization and reducing energy waste, as well as their practical application effects and limitations. By summarizing the role of multi-source heterogeneous energy optimization scheduling in energy system optimization and the current research status, this article aims to provide reference and guidance for future research and practical implementation.</p>