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<p>Pomegranate peel shows not only antioxidant potential but also a rich source of bioactive compounds. Phytochemical composition of pomegranate peel is highly affected by post-harvest processing specifically during drying. This study aims to assess the effect of various drying methods; tray drying, sun drying, freeze drying and spray drying, on antioxidant activity, major bioactive compounds (punicalagin α, punicalagin β, catechin, quercetin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of pomegranate peel extracts. Hexane, water, acetone, ethanol, and methanol were used as solvents for ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and all analysis were performed in triplicates. Different drying methods revealed notable variations in results. Highest levels of phenolics (154.4 ± 2.6&#xa0;mg GAE/100&#xa0;g) were observed in freeze drying followed by flavonoids (102.4 ± 1.8&#xa0;mg QE/100&#xa0;g), subsequently by spray drying and the lowest values were recorded by sun drying. Retention of bioactive compounds through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed abundance of punicalagin α and β in freeze dried samples. These findings were further supported by antioxidant assays in which freeze drying showed highest levels of ferric reducing antioxidant powder (FRAP) (231.4 ± 3.2 µmol Fe²⁺/g) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (82.35 ± 1.23&#xa0;µg/mL AAE) activities. A strong association was observed between antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, highlighting the role of phenolics in bioactivity. In conclusion, the most effective processing technique is freeze drying as it maximizes retention of phytochemicals and preserves potential of antioxidants whereas sun drying led to considerable losses. These results highlight the crucial role of drying practices in enhancing the nutraceutical value of pomegranate peel for pharmaceutical applications and as functional food.</p>

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Comparative evaluation of drying methods and extraction protocols for enhanced recovery of bioactive compounds and antioxidants from pomegranate peel

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Tahreem Nisar,
  • Tusneem Kausar,
  • Nida Firdous,
  • Atif Liaqat,
  • Ashiq Hussain,
  • Abdeen Elsiddig Elkhedir

摘要

Pomegranate peel shows not only antioxidant potential but also a rich source of bioactive compounds. Phytochemical composition of pomegranate peel is highly affected by post-harvest processing specifically during drying. This study aims to assess the effect of various drying methods; tray drying, sun drying, freeze drying and spray drying, on antioxidant activity, major bioactive compounds (punicalagin α, punicalagin β, catechin, quercetin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of pomegranate peel extracts. Hexane, water, acetone, ethanol, and methanol were used as solvents for ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and all analysis were performed in triplicates. Different drying methods revealed notable variations in results. Highest levels of phenolics (154.4 ± 2.6 mg GAE/100 g) were observed in freeze drying followed by flavonoids (102.4 ± 1.8 mg QE/100 g), subsequently by spray drying and the lowest values were recorded by sun drying. Retention of bioactive compounds through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed abundance of punicalagin α and β in freeze dried samples. These findings were further supported by antioxidant assays in which freeze drying showed highest levels of ferric reducing antioxidant powder (FRAP) (231.4 ± 3.2 µmol Fe²⁺/g) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (82.35 ± 1.23 µg/mL AAE) activities. A strong association was observed between antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, highlighting the role of phenolics in bioactivity. In conclusion, the most effective processing technique is freeze drying as it maximizes retention of phytochemicals and preserves potential of antioxidants whereas sun drying led to considerable losses. These results highlight the crucial role of drying practices in enhancing the nutraceutical value of pomegranate peel for pharmaceutical applications and as functional food.