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<p>Migration and remittances significantly influence rural livelihoods in developing regions like Tigray, Ethiopia. This study analyzes their impact on household consumption, income diversification, and asset accumulation. A mixed-methods approach was employed, using secondary and primary data from 521 households in three Woredas of Tigray. To establish causal effects, this research used Propensity Score Matching (PSM), which revealed that migration significantly increases livestock income by 2529 Birr (<i>p</i> = 0.027) but has no significant effect on crop or total farm income. This pattern suggests that remittances are primarily invested in risk-resilient assets like livestock rather than agricultural transformation. Furthermore, migrant families exhibited higher food consumption scores and greater livestock ownerships, indicating improved dietary intake and asset accumulation. However, the analysis found no significant causal effect of migration on non-food expenditure, suggesting remittances are often used for immediate consumption needs rather than long-term investment. Despite these benefits, recurrent food insecurity persisted, with a majority of households having a poor diet. This underscores the limitations of remittances in overcoming structural constraints such as low agricultural productivity and poor market access. The findings align with the New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) framework, supporting its core principles of migration as a household risk management strategy. Policy implications include enhancing livelihood diversification, improving agricultural infrastructure, implementing targeted food security interventions, and promoting financial literacy to maximize the benefits of migration and remittances.</p>

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Rural-out migration and household livelihoods in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • Tilahun Tareke Weldu,
  • Kinfe Abraha Gebre-Egziabher,
  • Alemseged Gerezgiher Hailu

摘要

Migration and remittances significantly influence rural livelihoods in developing regions like Tigray, Ethiopia. This study analyzes their impact on household consumption, income diversification, and asset accumulation. A mixed-methods approach was employed, using secondary and primary data from 521 households in three Woredas of Tigray. To establish causal effects, this research used Propensity Score Matching (PSM), which revealed that migration significantly increases livestock income by 2529 Birr (p = 0.027) but has no significant effect on crop or total farm income. This pattern suggests that remittances are primarily invested in risk-resilient assets like livestock rather than agricultural transformation. Furthermore, migrant families exhibited higher food consumption scores and greater livestock ownerships, indicating improved dietary intake and asset accumulation. However, the analysis found no significant causal effect of migration on non-food expenditure, suggesting remittances are often used for immediate consumption needs rather than long-term investment. Despite these benefits, recurrent food insecurity persisted, with a majority of households having a poor diet. This underscores the limitations of remittances in overcoming structural constraints such as low agricultural productivity and poor market access. The findings align with the New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) framework, supporting its core principles of migration as a household risk management strategy. Policy implications include enhancing livelihood diversification, improving agricultural infrastructure, implementing targeted food security interventions, and promoting financial literacy to maximize the benefits of migration and remittances.