<p>Sesame seeds (<i>Sesamum indicum</i>) are highly valued for their rich nutritional composition and broad applications across various sectors of the global economy. They contain numerous bioactive compounds such as lignans, phytosterols, γ-tocopherol, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tryptophan that exhibit anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, and antioxidant properties. In addition, sesame seeds provide essential minerals, high-quality proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamins that contribute to human health. Recent advances in processing technologies have enhanced the bioavailability and stability of many of these nutrients. Beyond food applications, sesame seeds and their byproducts are extensively utilized in medicinal, cosmetic, and industrial fields, including biodiesel production and animal feed. This review comprehensively compiles and analyzes recent research on the nutritional profile, health benefits, advanced processing techniques, and diverse industrial uses of sesame seeds. It also highlights existing research gaps in bioavailability, functional interactions, and byproduct valorization, underscoring the potential of integrated approaches to promote sustainable food systems and the development of innovative functional products.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>