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<p>This study assessed the levels of metal (loids) in seafood, water, and sediment from the Orashi marine ecosystem in Omoku (Rivers State, Nigeria), an area vulnerable to environmental pollution. Samples were analyzed for metals using the Shimadzu AA-7000 model of atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS), and then principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to the obtained data. The human health risk assessment (HHRA) was evaluated. Pb (1.33 ± 0.39&#xa0;mg/kg), Cd (1.42 ± 0.25&#xa0;mg/kg), and Cr (1.31 ± 0.16&#xa0;mg/kg) in crab (<i>C. sapidus</i>) and other seafood samples exceeded the FAO/WHO and EU limits of 0.5&#xa0;mg/kg for Pb and Cd and 0.15&#xa0;mg/kg for Cr. In addition, mean contents of Pb (0.28 ± 0.05&#xa0;mg/L), Cd (0.57 ± 0.05&#xa0;mg/L), and As (0.84 ± 0.10&#xa0;mg/L) in water exceeded the WHO drinking water limits of 0.01&#xa0;mg/L for Pb, 0.003&#xa0;mg/L for Cd, and 0.01&#xa0;mg/L for As. Furthermore, Cd (6.75 ± 0.61&#xa0;mg/kg) in sediment was above all guideline values, including the probable effect level (PEL) of 3.53&#xa0;mg/kg. In PCA and HCA analyses, Cd (0.942, PC1), and Pb (0.985, PC1) were associated with sediment, Zn (2.09 ± 0.14&#xa0;mg/kg) was linked to seafood, particularly <i>C. sapidus</i> and <i>P. mollusca</i> (mollusks), while As (0.84 ± 0.10&#xa0;mg/L) was mostly associated with water. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Pb, Cd, Cr, and As from seafood consumption in adults and children was within permissible limits except for Cd, which exceeded safety thresholds. The hazard quotient (HQing and HQder) and hazard index (HIing and HIder) in both adults and children were greater than 1, indicating potential non-cancer health risks. Specifically, total HI values were 17.85 (adults) and 20.22 (children), mainly driven by Cd ingestion (16.68 in adults, 18.08 in children) and dermal exposure to water (14.71 in adults, 14.71 in children). In summary, while seafood consumption from the Orashi River in Omoku may pose no immediate cancer risk, Cd contamination presents a significant non-cancer hazard, especially to children. Continuous environmental monitoring and risk mitigation strategies are recommended to safeguard public health.</p>

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Human health risk assessment of metal(loids) in sediment, water and seafood from Orashi River in Omoku, Rivers State, Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月30日

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  • Chika Ossai,
  • Beatrice Bocca,
  • Beatrice Battistini,
  • Flavia Ruggieri,
  • Chiara Frazzoli,
  • Marco Bonarrigo,
  • Osazuwa Clinton Ekhator,
  • Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu,
  • Orish Ebere Orisakwe

摘要

This study assessed the levels of metal (loids) in seafood, water, and sediment from the Orashi marine ecosystem in Omoku (Rivers State, Nigeria), an area vulnerable to environmental pollution. Samples were analyzed for metals using the Shimadzu AA-7000 model of atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS), and then principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to the obtained data. The human health risk assessment (HHRA) was evaluated. Pb (1.33 ± 0.39 mg/kg), Cd (1.42 ± 0.25 mg/kg), and Cr (1.31 ± 0.16 mg/kg) in crab (C. sapidus) and other seafood samples exceeded the FAO/WHO and EU limits of 0.5 mg/kg for Pb and Cd and 0.15 mg/kg for Cr. In addition, mean contents of Pb (0.28 ± 0.05 mg/L), Cd (0.57 ± 0.05 mg/L), and As (0.84 ± 0.10 mg/L) in water exceeded the WHO drinking water limits of 0.01 mg/L for Pb, 0.003 mg/L for Cd, and 0.01 mg/L for As. Furthermore, Cd (6.75 ± 0.61 mg/kg) in sediment was above all guideline values, including the probable effect level (PEL) of 3.53 mg/kg. In PCA and HCA analyses, Cd (0.942, PC1), and Pb (0.985, PC1) were associated with sediment, Zn (2.09 ± 0.14 mg/kg) was linked to seafood, particularly C. sapidus and P. mollusca (mollusks), while As (0.84 ± 0.10 mg/L) was mostly associated with water. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Pb, Cd, Cr, and As from seafood consumption in adults and children was within permissible limits except for Cd, which exceeded safety thresholds. The hazard quotient (HQing and HQder) and hazard index (HIing and HIder) in both adults and children were greater than 1, indicating potential non-cancer health risks. Specifically, total HI values were 17.85 (adults) and 20.22 (children), mainly driven by Cd ingestion (16.68 in adults, 18.08 in children) and dermal exposure to water (14.71 in adults, 14.71 in children). In summary, while seafood consumption from the Orashi River in Omoku may pose no immediate cancer risk, Cd contamination presents a significant non-cancer hazard, especially to children. Continuous environmental monitoring and risk mitigation strategies are recommended to safeguard public health.