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<p>Carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) are key drivers in agroecosystems, following nitrogen (N). However, the stoichiometric relationships between C and P fractions and their concentrations in soil have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, an experiment was&#xa0;conducted in four districts (Varanasi, Gazipur, Azamgarh, and Jaunpur) of Uttar Pradesh, India with the objectives to: 1) determine the status of available fixed soil P under diverse agroecosystems, 2) identify the best correlation between C and P fractions across different agroecosystems, and 3) explore the potential for mineralization of fixed soil P to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Experimental sites in each of the four districts were selected based on four agroecosystems: (i) rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> (T1), (ii) vegetables (T2), (iii) sugarcane (<i>Saccharum</i> spp.) (T3), and (iv) orchard-based agroecosystems (T4). Following a randomized block design (RBD), soil samples were collected from 0–15&#xa0;cm and 15–30&#xa0;cm depths in four replications from these agroecosystems. Results show that the soil in Varanasi recorded the highest SOC content of 1.38 and 1.31% in T4 at both depths, respectively. On the other hand, T1 soil in Azamgarh showed the lowest SOC contents of 0.34% and 0.25% at both depths. Additionally, the maximum SOC stocks of 25.6 and 24.9&#xa0;Mg&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup> were observed in T4 of the Varanasi soil at both depths. These SOC stocks were 164.8 and 172.6% higher than those for the T1 treatment. In soil from Jaunpur, the available and total P content ranged from 6.91 to 16.23&#xa0;kg&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup> and 12.77 to 21.14&#xa0;kg&#xa0;ha⁻<sup>1</sup>, respectively, at the 0–15&#xa0;cm soil depth. Based on the SOC fraction study in Varanasi, the labile C fraction ranged from 0.33 to 2.90&#xa0;g&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup> and 0.18 to 1.79&#xa0;g&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup> at both depths, respectively. Regarding P fractions in the Varanasi district, the maximum values were observed in T4 treatment, including soluble fraction (1.9 parts per million (ppm), aluminum-bound P (71.0&#xa0;ppm), iron-bound P (33.7&#xa0;ppm), reductant-soluble P (21.1&#xa0;ppm), and calcium P (27.4&#xa0;ppm). This study aimed to identify the optimal C:P stoichiometric relationships across various agroecosystems and to explore the potential to mineralise soil-fixed P by increasing SOC concentrations.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Assessment of Carbon and Phosphorus Stoichiometry in Different Land use Systems as a Tool for Future Planning in Agroecosystems in North Central India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Ram Swaroop Meena,
  • Kundan Kumar Singh,
  • Gourisankar Pradhan,
  • Suchismita Satapathy,
  • Sanjeev Kumar,
  • Krishan Kant Mina,
  • Sandeep Kumar,
  • Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao,
  • Rattan Lal

摘要

Carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) are key drivers in agroecosystems, following nitrogen (N). However, the stoichiometric relationships between C and P fractions and their concentrations in soil have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in four districts (Varanasi, Gazipur, Azamgarh, and Jaunpur) of Uttar Pradesh, India with the objectives to: 1) determine the status of available fixed soil P under diverse agroecosystems, 2) identify the best correlation between C and P fractions across different agroecosystems, and 3) explore the potential for mineralization of fixed soil P to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Experimental sites in each of the four districts were selected based on four agroecosystems: (i) rice (Oryza sativa (T1), (ii) vegetables (T2), (iii) sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) (T3), and (iv) orchard-based agroecosystems (T4). Following a randomized block design (RBD), soil samples were collected from 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm depths in four replications from these agroecosystems. Results show that the soil in Varanasi recorded the highest SOC content of 1.38 and 1.31% in T4 at both depths, respectively. On the other hand, T1 soil in Azamgarh showed the lowest SOC contents of 0.34% and 0.25% at both depths. Additionally, the maximum SOC stocks of 25.6 and 24.9 Mg ha−1 were observed in T4 of the Varanasi soil at both depths. These SOC stocks were 164.8 and 172.6% higher than those for the T1 treatment. In soil from Jaunpur, the available and total P content ranged from 6.91 to 16.23 kg ha−1 and 12.77 to 21.14 kg ha⁻1, respectively, at the 0–15 cm soil depth. Based on the SOC fraction study in Varanasi, the labile C fraction ranged from 0.33 to 2.90 g kg−1 and 0.18 to 1.79 g kg−1 at both depths, respectively. Regarding P fractions in the Varanasi district, the maximum values were observed in T4 treatment, including soluble fraction (1.9 parts per million (ppm), aluminum-bound P (71.0 ppm), iron-bound P (33.7 ppm), reductant-soluble P (21.1 ppm), and calcium P (27.4 ppm). This study aimed to identify the optimal C:P stoichiometric relationships across various agroecosystems and to explore the potential to mineralise soil-fixed P by increasing SOC concentrations.

Graphical Abstract