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<p>Hernia repair requires meshes that balance mechanical strength and biocompatibility. In this study, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) composites were fabricated via direct ink writing (DIW) to evaluate their suitability for hernia repair. Rheological analysis confirmed pseudoplastic shear-thinning behavior of the PCL solution, demonstrating its printability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction verified successful extraction and regeneration of cellulose II with a crystallinity index of 64.2%. Mechanical testing showed that increasing MCC content reduced tensile strength from 18.46 N/cm (pure PCL) to 11.92 N/cm (8 wt% MCC) and bursting strength from 24.24 to 17.48 N/cm. Although strength decreased with cellulose incorporation, all MCC-containing meshes satisfied the minimum requirement for small hernias (≥ 16 N/cm). Only pure PCL approached the threshold associated with large hernia repair (32 N/cm), indicating that composite meshes are primarily suitable for small-defect applications. All printed meshes were classified as mediumweight (75–80 g/m²), a clinically preferred category. Cytocompatibility evaluation using an MTT assay with C2C12 cells demonstrated enhanced metabolic activity in MCC-containing meshes, exceeding 150% after 48 h for 8 wt% MCC at moderate extract concentrations. SEM analysis confirmed increased cell attachment and spreading with higher cellulose content. Overall, DIW-fabricated PCL-MCC meshes provide tunable mechanical and biological performance, with 4 wt% MCC offering the most balanced combination for hernia repair.</p>

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Developing polycaprolactone-cellulose II composite meshes via direct ink writing for hernia repair

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Amirali Milani,
  • Amir Hossein Behravesh,
  • Mohammad Amin Hooshmand,
  • Mahdi Abdollahi,
  • Iman Ghaderi,
  • Seyyed Kaveh Hedayati,
  • Ghaus Rizvi

摘要

Hernia repair requires meshes that balance mechanical strength and biocompatibility. In this study, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) composites were fabricated via direct ink writing (DIW) to evaluate their suitability for hernia repair. Rheological analysis confirmed pseudoplastic shear-thinning behavior of the PCL solution, demonstrating its printability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction verified successful extraction and regeneration of cellulose II with a crystallinity index of 64.2%. Mechanical testing showed that increasing MCC content reduced tensile strength from 18.46 N/cm (pure PCL) to 11.92 N/cm (8 wt% MCC) and bursting strength from 24.24 to 17.48 N/cm. Although strength decreased with cellulose incorporation, all MCC-containing meshes satisfied the minimum requirement for small hernias (≥ 16 N/cm). Only pure PCL approached the threshold associated with large hernia repair (32 N/cm), indicating that composite meshes are primarily suitable for small-defect applications. All printed meshes were classified as mediumweight (75–80 g/m²), a clinically preferred category. Cytocompatibility evaluation using an MTT assay with C2C12 cells demonstrated enhanced metabolic activity in MCC-containing meshes, exceeding 150% after 48 h for 8 wt% MCC at moderate extract concentrations. SEM analysis confirmed increased cell attachment and spreading with higher cellulose content. Overall, DIW-fabricated PCL-MCC meshes provide tunable mechanical and biological performance, with 4 wt% MCC offering the most balanced combination for hernia repair.