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<p><?tk 4?>3D bioprinting of hydrogels has emerged as a transformative approach in tissue engineering by integrating stimuli-responsive biomaterials with precise, layer-by-layer fabrication to generate functional biological constructs. These hydrogels respond to external cues such as pH, temperature, and light while maintaining high biocompatibility and extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking properties, supporting cell viability typically exceeding 85–95% post-printing. The incorporation of growth factors and bioactive cues further enhances cellular proliferation, differentiation, and tissue maturation. Bioprinting techniques, including inkjet, extrusion, and laser-assisted modalities, enable spatial resolutions ranging from ~ 20 to 200&#xa0;µm, facilitating the fabrication of complex, multicellular architectures for regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and disease modeling. Despite these advances, critical challenges remain, particularly in achieving physiologically relevant mechanical strength (1–100&#xa0;kPa for soft tissues), stable vascularization, and long-term construct functionality. This review critically examines hydrogel material design, bioink formulation, and printing strategies to address these limitations, thereby bridging gaps between laboratory-scale demonstrations and clinically relevant applications. Actionable insights are provided regarding material selection, crosslinking strategies, and regulatory considerations, offering a roadmap for accelerating the translation of hydrogel-based 3D bioprinted tissues and organs toward clinical implementation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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3D Bioprinting Employing Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering: Innovations, Challenges, and Regulatory Frontiers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月26日

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  • Prakash Singh Patel,
  • Giriraj Pandey,
  • Ajay Kumar,
  • Shashi Kiran Misra,
  • Smriti Roy,
  • Anita Awasthi,
  • Suraj Wagh,
  • Saurabh Srivastava,
  • Anupriya Kapoor

摘要

3D bioprinting of hydrogels has emerged as a transformative approach in tissue engineering by integrating stimuli-responsive biomaterials with precise, layer-by-layer fabrication to generate functional biological constructs. These hydrogels respond to external cues such as pH, temperature, and light while maintaining high biocompatibility and extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking properties, supporting cell viability typically exceeding 85–95% post-printing. The incorporation of growth factors and bioactive cues further enhances cellular proliferation, differentiation, and tissue maturation. Bioprinting techniques, including inkjet, extrusion, and laser-assisted modalities, enable spatial resolutions ranging from ~ 20 to 200 µm, facilitating the fabrication of complex, multicellular architectures for regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and disease modeling. Despite these advances, critical challenges remain, particularly in achieving physiologically relevant mechanical strength (1–100 kPa for soft tissues), stable vascularization, and long-term construct functionality. This review critically examines hydrogel material design, bioink formulation, and printing strategies to address these limitations, thereby bridging gaps between laboratory-scale demonstrations and clinically relevant applications. Actionable insights are provided regarding material selection, crosslinking strategies, and regulatory considerations, offering a roadmap for accelerating the translation of hydrogel-based 3D bioprinted tissues and organs toward clinical implementation.

Graphical Abstract