<p>Biomimetic nanoparticles (BNPs) have emerged as a transformative approach in pulmonary medicine, offering enhanced targeting, immunomodulation, and regenerative capabilities. Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of BNPs in delivering therapeutic agents directly to inflamed or fibrotic lung tissues, thereby improving treatment outcomes while minimizing systemic toxicity. For instance, platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles loaded with berberine have shown increased retention in inflamed lungs and significant inhibition of asthma-related inflammation in murine models. Similarly, cyclic oligosaccharide-derived nanoparticles have effectively targeted neutrophilic inflammation in asthma, reducing airway hyperresponsiveness and remodelling. In the context of acute lung injury (ALI), inhaled BNPs co-delivering curcumin and resveratrol have demonstrated reduced vascular permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Furthermore, exosome-coated nanoparticles carrying dexamethasone have achieved enhanced lung accumulation and cytokine reduction, highlighting the potential of organotrophic delivery systems. In pulmonary fibrosis models, disc-shaped lipid nanoparticles delivering a STAT3 inhibitor have improved surfactant penetration and alleviated fibrotic symptoms. Monocyte-derived cell-mediated delivery of nanoparticles co-loaded with astaxanthin and trametinib has facilitated targeted therapy and lung regeneration. Nebulized biomimetic liposomes encapsulating nintedanib have also demonstrated superior lung delivery and antifibrotic efficacy compared to oral administration. This review uniquely compiles recent breakthroughs in BNP-based targeted therapies for pulmonary diseases, emphasizing innovative delivery strategies and future translational prospects.</p>