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<p>The inherent hydrophobicity of polymer scaffolds limits their efficacy in biomedical applications. To enhance wettability, this study explores two strategies: fabricating composite scaffolds and applying hydrophilic coatings. For this purpose, polylactic acid (PLA) was reinforced by incorporating 0.5 wt% graphene oxide (GO), and PLA/GO composite scaffolds were then fabricated by fused deposition modelling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing. Contact angle measurements demonstrated a significant reduction, from 71.5° for pure PLA to 49.5° for the PLA/GO scaffold, indicating enhanced wettability. Compression tests also revealed that GO incorporation significantly increased the mechanical strength of the PLA scaffolds. Furthermore, both PLA and PLA/GO composite scaffolds were coated with a Gelatin (Gel)/GO mixture to further improve wettability. Successful coating formation was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), which revealed a denser coating on the PLA/GO scaffolds compared to pure PLA. The Gel/GO coating further decreased contact angles by 3.3° for PLA and 6.9° for PLA/GO, while having a negligible effect on mechanical properties. These results suggest that both GO incorporation and Gel/GO coating are effective strategies for enhancing biological performance based on improved physicochemical and mechanical properties, although direct biological evaluations were not performed within the scope of this work.</p>

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Synergistic Enhancement of Wettability in Three-Dimensional Printed Polylactic Acid Scaffolds via Graphene Oxide Incorporation and Gelatin/Graphene Oxide Coating

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月14日

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  • Nafiseh Hassanzadeh,
  • Behnaz Olamaei

摘要

The inherent hydrophobicity of polymer scaffolds limits their efficacy in biomedical applications. To enhance wettability, this study explores two strategies: fabricating composite scaffolds and applying hydrophilic coatings. For this purpose, polylactic acid (PLA) was reinforced by incorporating 0.5 wt% graphene oxide (GO), and PLA/GO composite scaffolds were then fabricated by fused deposition modelling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing. Contact angle measurements demonstrated a significant reduction, from 71.5° for pure PLA to 49.5° for the PLA/GO scaffold, indicating enhanced wettability. Compression tests also revealed that GO incorporation significantly increased the mechanical strength of the PLA scaffolds. Furthermore, both PLA and PLA/GO composite scaffolds were coated with a Gelatin (Gel)/GO mixture to further improve wettability. Successful coating formation was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), which revealed a denser coating on the PLA/GO scaffolds compared to pure PLA. The Gel/GO coating further decreased contact angles by 3.3° for PLA and 6.9° for PLA/GO, while having a negligible effect on mechanical properties. These results suggest that both GO incorporation and Gel/GO coating are effective strategies for enhancing biological performance based on improved physicochemical and mechanical properties, although direct biological evaluations were not performed within the scope of this work.