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<p>This paper presents the design and optimization of a nanosponge-based gel drug delivery system for Terbinafine hydrochloride (TUR), which is a poorly water-soluble antifungal. Nanosponges (NSs) were fabricated from ethyl cellulose and optimized by Box-Behnken design. Unlike β-cyclodextrin-based systems, ethyl cellulose will afford solubility, skin penetration, and potency against fungal infections, as well as exclusion from cyclodextrin-initiated incompatibilities. The effect of the polymer concentration, ultrasonication power, and processing time on the entrapment efficiency (EE) and particle size was evaluated. The optimized formulation (TUR-NS-T) showed an 81.3% EE and particle size 292.4&#xa0;nm with a desirability index of 0.910. Spherical nanosponges with a porous surface were seen by scanning electron microscopy. The final nanosponge gel (TUR-NS-TG) proved favorable pH (6.4), appropriate viscosity (8750 cP), proper spreadability (122.5%), and drug content (97.3%). In vitro diffusion studies revealed that 89.4% of the drug was released over 24&#xa0;h, which would surpass even those from the plain and marketed formulations. Enhanced potency against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans was shown, and the activity was further demonstrated in immunocompromised rats, which indicated the efficacy of Fungal clearance. Skin irritation and histopathology analysis showed excellent skin tolerance. The findings will demonstrate the possibility of ethyl cellulose nanosponge gels as a good topical antifungal delivery system.</p>

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Topical Delivery of Terbinafine via Nanosponge-Embedded Gel: A Novel Approach to Combat Superficial Fungal Infection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月15日

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  • Shoaeb Mohammad Syed,
  • T. Sowmya,
  • Poluri Koteswari

摘要

This paper presents the design and optimization of a nanosponge-based gel drug delivery system for Terbinafine hydrochloride (TUR), which is a poorly water-soluble antifungal. Nanosponges (NSs) were fabricated from ethyl cellulose and optimized by Box-Behnken design. Unlike β-cyclodextrin-based systems, ethyl cellulose will afford solubility, skin penetration, and potency against fungal infections, as well as exclusion from cyclodextrin-initiated incompatibilities. The effect of the polymer concentration, ultrasonication power, and processing time on the entrapment efficiency (EE) and particle size was evaluated. The optimized formulation (TUR-NS-T) showed an 81.3% EE and particle size 292.4 nm with a desirability index of 0.910. Spherical nanosponges with a porous surface were seen by scanning electron microscopy. The final nanosponge gel (TUR-NS-TG) proved favorable pH (6.4), appropriate viscosity (8750 cP), proper spreadability (122.5%), and drug content (97.3%). In vitro diffusion studies revealed that 89.4% of the drug was released over 24 h, which would surpass even those from the plain and marketed formulations. Enhanced potency against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans was shown, and the activity was further demonstrated in immunocompromised rats, which indicated the efficacy of Fungal clearance. Skin irritation and histopathology analysis showed excellent skin tolerance. The findings will demonstrate the possibility of ethyl cellulose nanosponge gels as a good topical antifungal delivery system.