<p>Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has rapidly advanced as a pivotal technology in biomedical sciences, offering the ability to fabricate functional tissues and organ-like constructs through layer-by-layer deposition of bioinks. Bioinks complex formulations consisting of living cells, biomaterials, and bioactive agents are the cornerstone of successful bioprinting outcomes. This review provides an in-depth analysis of current developments in bioink composition, including natural, synthetic, hybrid, and composite systems. Key properties such as biocompatibility, printability, mechanical strength, and controlled degradability are critically discussed. The paper also explores the integration of nanomaterials and growth factors into bioinks, enabling enhanced structural fidelity, cell viability, and tissue functionality. Notably, the emergence of stimuli-responsive and patient-specific bioinks is expanding the frontiers of personalized medicine and regenerative therapies. Applications in cardiovascular, bone, dental, and skin tissue engineering, along with novel uses in biosensors, wound healing, and organ-on-a-chip technologies, highlight the versatility of next-generation bioinks. Additionally, advancements in bioprinting methods such as extrusion, inkjet, laser-assisted, and stereolithography are discussed in relation to bioink compatibility. Overall, the field continues to evolve with interdisciplinary innovations, establishing bioinks as integral components in the future of clinical translation and biomedical engineering.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>