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<p>This review explores the critical role of thermal management in wearable biomedical devices, focusing on the heat transfer mechanisms essential for ensuring device functionality, safety, and user comfort. As the demand for advanced health monitoring solutions increases, understanding the thermal challenges associated with wearables becomes paramount. The paper classifies common wearable devices, such as smartwatches and ECG patches, and examines the sources of heat generation, including electronics and prolonged skin contact. Key heat transfer mechanisms are analysed in the context of skin-contact scenarios and their interactions with biological tissues. Furthermore, the review discusses various thermal management strategies, including passive and active cooling techniques, and highlights innovative materials such as phase-change materials, graphene, and thermally conductive polymers that enhance thermal performance. Emerging trends, including the application of AI and machine learning for dynamic thermal management, are also addressed. This comprehensive examination underscores the importance of effective thermal management in improving the performance and user experience of wearable biomedical devices, while suggesting directions for future research in novel materials and smart thermal management solutions.</p>

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Thermal Management in Biomedical Devices: A Review of Heat Transfer Mechanisms in Wearable Technologies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月17日

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  • Enoch I. Obanor,
  • Sunday O. Oyedepo,
  • Joseph E. Dirisu,
  • Morounfoluwa E. John,
  • Esther O. Obanor,
  • Peter O. Obanor,
  • Jane C. Nkwor

摘要

This review explores the critical role of thermal management in wearable biomedical devices, focusing on the heat transfer mechanisms essential for ensuring device functionality, safety, and user comfort. As the demand for advanced health monitoring solutions increases, understanding the thermal challenges associated with wearables becomes paramount. The paper classifies common wearable devices, such as smartwatches and ECG patches, and examines the sources of heat generation, including electronics and prolonged skin contact. Key heat transfer mechanisms are analysed in the context of skin-contact scenarios and their interactions with biological tissues. Furthermore, the review discusses various thermal management strategies, including passive and active cooling techniques, and highlights innovative materials such as phase-change materials, graphene, and thermally conductive polymers that enhance thermal performance. Emerging trends, including the application of AI and machine learning for dynamic thermal management, are also addressed. This comprehensive examination underscores the importance of effective thermal management in improving the performance and user experience of wearable biomedical devices, while suggesting directions for future research in novel materials and smart thermal management solutions.