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<p>Carbon dots (CDots) belong to carbon-derived nanomaterials; their unique features include biocompatibility, photoluminescence, and controlled surface chemistry. These characteristics give them a wide range of potential applications in biomedicine, including antibacterial treatment, drug and gene delivery systems, and other related areas. CDots possess broad-spectrum antibacterial action, effectively combating bacteria, viruses, and fungi by various means such as membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Furthermore, CDots serve as effective drug carriers, enabling targeted drug delivery in a controlled manner and enhancing bioavailability. They hold great potential to serve as gene delivery vectors for targeted genetic therapy. The most significant benefits of CDots over traditional treatments include the ability to encapsulate a medicinal compounds at the nanometer (nm) scale, a&#xa0;decreased risk of drug resistance, reduced toxicity, and improved stability. These features make them a substitute for traditional methods of delivering genes, antibiotics, and antivirals. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of CDots is encumbered by challenges such as concerns regarding their long-term toxicity, ambiguity surrounding their biological interactions, and the inconsistency in synthesis methods. Addressing these issues entails concentrated efforts on rigorous toxicity assessments, enhanced targeting mechanisms, and the optimization of synthesis procedures. This review elucidates the antimicrobial effects of CDots, their applications in drug and gene delivery, the associated challenges, and prospective advancements in their clinical implementation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biomedical Applications of Carbon Dots: Advances in Antimicrobial Therapy and Targeted Delivery Systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月23日

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  • Maryam Aftab,
  • Haider Ali,
  • Muneeb Ullah,
  • Sania Ikram,
  • Shahid Ullah Khan,
  • Abdul Wahab,
  • Muhammad Naeem

摘要

Carbon dots (CDots) belong to carbon-derived nanomaterials; their unique features include biocompatibility, photoluminescence, and controlled surface chemistry. These characteristics give them a wide range of potential applications in biomedicine, including antibacterial treatment, drug and gene delivery systems, and other related areas. CDots possess broad-spectrum antibacterial action, effectively combating bacteria, viruses, and fungi by various means such as membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Furthermore, CDots serve as effective drug carriers, enabling targeted drug delivery in a controlled manner and enhancing bioavailability. They hold great potential to serve as gene delivery vectors for targeted genetic therapy. The most significant benefits of CDots over traditional treatments include the ability to encapsulate a medicinal compounds at the nanometer (nm) scale, a decreased risk of drug resistance, reduced toxicity, and improved stability. These features make them a substitute for traditional methods of delivering genes, antibiotics, and antivirals. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of CDots is encumbered by challenges such as concerns regarding their long-term toxicity, ambiguity surrounding their biological interactions, and the inconsistency in synthesis methods. Addressing these issues entails concentrated efforts on rigorous toxicity assessments, enhanced targeting mechanisms, and the optimization of synthesis procedures. This review elucidates the antimicrobial effects of CDots, their applications in drug and gene delivery, the associated challenges, and prospective advancements in their clinical implementation.

Graphical Abstract