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<p>Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using <i>Euphorbia hirta (E. hirta) and Ocimum americanum (O. americanum)</i> provides an eco-friendly, biocompatible, and efficient approach for biomedical applications. Quality by Design (QbD) analysis optimized the synthesis using 1.03&#xa0;mM silver nitrate (AgNO<sub>3</sub>), 12&#xa0;min of microwave irradiation, and a plant extract ratio of 24.75. The characterization of AgNPs was performed using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 380&#xa0;nm, with an average size of 102.5 ± 36&#xa0;nm. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of active functional groups, while EDX indicated high crystalline purity with a silver content of ~ 22%. The nanoparticles demonstrated potent antioxidant (91.03 ± 0.81% at 50&#xa0;µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (89.02 ± 2.09% at 50&#xa0;µg/mL) activities, comparable to standard drugs. Antibacterial studies showed significant growth inhibition of wound pathogens, with the highest efficacy observed at 100&#xa0;µg/mL. Time-kill curve analysis revealed efficient bacterial elimination kinetics, while wound scratch assays using 3T3-L1 fibroblasts demonstrated enhanced cell migration and proliferation in the presence of AgNPs. Zebrafish embryonic toxicity studies confirmed no significant developmental abnormalities or toxicity at lower concentrations (5–20&#xa0;µg/mL). These findings highlight the potential of microwave-assisted AgNPs synthesized from <i>E. hirta</i> and <i>O. americanum</i> as promising therapeutic agents for wound healing and infection control.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia hirta and Ocimum americanum: Optimization, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月20日

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  • E. Karthikeyan,
  • S. Rajeshkumar,
  • J. Nandhini

摘要

Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Euphorbia hirta (E. hirta) and Ocimum americanum (O. americanum) provides an eco-friendly, biocompatible, and efficient approach for biomedical applications. Quality by Design (QbD) analysis optimized the synthesis using 1.03 mM silver nitrate (AgNO3), 12 min of microwave irradiation, and a plant extract ratio of 24.75. The characterization of AgNPs was performed using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 380 nm, with an average size of 102.5 ± 36 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of active functional groups, while EDX indicated high crystalline purity with a silver content of ~ 22%. The nanoparticles demonstrated potent antioxidant (91.03 ± 0.81% at 50 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (89.02 ± 2.09% at 50 µg/mL) activities, comparable to standard drugs. Antibacterial studies showed significant growth inhibition of wound pathogens, with the highest efficacy observed at 100 µg/mL. Time-kill curve analysis revealed efficient bacterial elimination kinetics, while wound scratch assays using 3T3-L1 fibroblasts demonstrated enhanced cell migration and proliferation in the presence of AgNPs. Zebrafish embryonic toxicity studies confirmed no significant developmental abnormalities or toxicity at lower concentrations (5–20 µg/mL). These findings highlight the potential of microwave-assisted AgNPs synthesized from E. hirta and O. americanum as promising therapeutic agents for wound healing and infection control.

Graphical Abstract