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<p>Probiotic hydrogels are emerging trend in cancer immunotherapy as they can combine the probiotic immunomodulation and hydrogel drug delivery properties. This localized and extended release of probiotics has the potential of augmenting immune response and modulate the tumor microenvironment along with gut microbiota composition at tumor sites. The stimuli sensitivity of these hydrogels enables target-specific probiotic release at the tumor site in response to changes in pH, enzymatic activity, or redox conditions, which increases therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. Probiotic hydrogels facilitate antigen-presenting cell activation, promote <i>T</i>-cell infiltration, and reprogram tumor-associated macrophages from an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype to a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, leading to enhanced tumor regression and improved immunotherapy outcomes. Prebiotic-enriched hydrogels also enhance the systemic immunity through modulating gut-derived metabolites that mediate host immunity. Though these advances are promising, translation into the clinical setting is limited by challenges that include ensuring probiotic viability, optimizing hydrogel degradation kinetics, and navigating complex regulatory frameworks. Further development can be initiated at various levels, including hydrogel formulation, probiotic stability, and large-scale cost-effective manufacturing. This review addresses the mechanism of action, recent developments, and clinical potential of probiotic hydrogels in cancer therapy, highlighting their promise as a next-generation immunotherapeutic platform for precision oncology.</p>

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Probiotic-Based Hydrogels in Cancer Therapy: An Emerging Therapy with Biomaterial Science

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月21日

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  • M. Magesh,
  • J. Renukadevi,
  • D. S. Mridula,
  • K. Nimithasree,
  • V. Sanjay

摘要

Probiotic hydrogels are emerging trend in cancer immunotherapy as they can combine the probiotic immunomodulation and hydrogel drug delivery properties. This localized and extended release of probiotics has the potential of augmenting immune response and modulate the tumor microenvironment along with gut microbiota composition at tumor sites. The stimuli sensitivity of these hydrogels enables target-specific probiotic release at the tumor site in response to changes in pH, enzymatic activity, or redox conditions, which increases therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. Probiotic hydrogels facilitate antigen-presenting cell activation, promote T-cell infiltration, and reprogram tumor-associated macrophages from an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype to a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, leading to enhanced tumor regression and improved immunotherapy outcomes. Prebiotic-enriched hydrogels also enhance the systemic immunity through modulating gut-derived metabolites that mediate host immunity. Though these advances are promising, translation into the clinical setting is limited by challenges that include ensuring probiotic viability, optimizing hydrogel degradation kinetics, and navigating complex regulatory frameworks. Further development can be initiated at various levels, including hydrogel formulation, probiotic stability, and large-scale cost-effective manufacturing. This review addresses the mechanism of action, recent developments, and clinical potential of probiotic hydrogels in cancer therapy, highlighting their promise as a next-generation immunotherapeutic platform for precision oncology.