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<p>Repairing pediatric bone presents unique challenges due to the complexities associated with skeletal growth and development in children. Although conservative surgical techniques aim to minimize invasiveness, they often require supplementary methods to support effective bone healing. Advances in tissue engineering, particularly the development of 3D-printed scaffolds infused with stem cells and hydroxyapatite (HA), offer promising avenues for improving bone regeneration. This review highlights the dynamic interplay between mesenchymal stem cells and HA within 3D-printed scaffolds, focusing on recent advancements in scaffold design, material optimization, and clinical applications. Additionally, it discusses barriers to clinical translation, such as scaffold biodegradability, immune responses, and cost-related challenges, while outlining potential strategies to enhance these therapies for pediatric applications.</p>

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Advances in Stem Cell Integration and Calcium Hydroxyapatite Utilization in 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Pediatric Bone Repair Following Conservative Surgery

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月27日

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  • Noura A. A. Ebrahim,
  • Soliman M. A. Soliman

摘要

Repairing pediatric bone presents unique challenges due to the complexities associated with skeletal growth and development in children. Although conservative surgical techniques aim to minimize invasiveness, they often require supplementary methods to support effective bone healing. Advances in tissue engineering, particularly the development of 3D-printed scaffolds infused with stem cells and hydroxyapatite (HA), offer promising avenues for improving bone regeneration. This review highlights the dynamic interplay between mesenchymal stem cells and HA within 3D-printed scaffolds, focusing on recent advancements in scaffold design, material optimization, and clinical applications. Additionally, it discusses barriers to clinical translation, such as scaffold biodegradability, immune responses, and cost-related challenges, while outlining potential strategies to enhance these therapies for pediatric applications.