Multiharvested Self-Powered Systems: A Review on Harnessing Biological Energy for Implantable Medical Devices
摘要
Implantable medical devices (IMD) are the future of healthcare but rely a lot on external power sources and are fraught with issues related to efficiency, lifespan, and patient comfort. The review discusses multiharvested self-powered systems that capture biological energy both to convert it into electrical energy and to operate IMDs independently. The systems combine energy harvesting approaches: piezoelectric, triboelectric, thermoelectric, and biofuel cells as a unique way to extract biomechanical, thermal, and biochemical energy into electrical energy. Target applications include pacemakers, neural stimulators, and other IMDs where user portability and environmental efficacy are essential. This paper focuses on challenges categorized under material innovation, energy conversion efficiencies, and downscaling developed with biocompatibility and compatible systemic integration. The research indicates that the promises of multiharvested energy solutions pertain to making life-sustaining technologies with longer lives and reduced environmental impacts through a focus on hybrid energy systems and adaptive power management.