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<p>Microspheres used as a versatile and efficient drug delivery system. These spherical, biodegradable particles, made from synthetic or natural polymers, range in size from 1 to 1000 µm and offer controlled and targeted drug release. They are widely used in fields such as drug delivery, bone tissue manufacturing, and environmental decontamination. Microspheres are categorized based on their properties and functions, including bio adhesive, magnetic, floating, radioactive, and polymeric types, each contributing to enhanced drug delivery by increasing bioavailability, reducing side effects, and improving patient compliance. Various preparation methods, such as single and double emulsion techniques, polymerization, and spray drying, play a crucial role in their efficiency, while evaluation parameters like particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release studies assess their performance. Recent advancements have significantly enhanced microsphere technology, including superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) for improved fabrication in photonic devices, protein crystallization, and medical diagnostics. Probiotics-loaded microspheres have shown increased stability and viability in cosmetic and therapeutic formulations. In cancer therapy, microspheres are effectively used in embolization techniques, glioblastoma treatments, and targeted drug delivery systems for lung and prostate cancers. Additionally, eco-friendly dextran microbeads are being utilized in multiplex assays, while optofluidic immunochips aid in detecting myocardial infarction biomarkers. Despite these advancements, challenges such as ensuring stability, uniform size, material selection, and reproducibility remain significant hurdles in developing effective microsphere-based therapies and products.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Microspheres: Preparation Methods, Advances, Applications, and Challenges in Drug Delivery

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月6日

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  • Krupali Bhalala,
  • Divyrajsinh Jadeja,
  • Kiran Dudhat

摘要

Microspheres used as a versatile and efficient drug delivery system. These spherical, biodegradable particles, made from synthetic or natural polymers, range in size from 1 to 1000 µm and offer controlled and targeted drug release. They are widely used in fields such as drug delivery, bone tissue manufacturing, and environmental decontamination. Microspheres are categorized based on their properties and functions, including bio adhesive, magnetic, floating, radioactive, and polymeric types, each contributing to enhanced drug delivery by increasing bioavailability, reducing side effects, and improving patient compliance. Various preparation methods, such as single and double emulsion techniques, polymerization, and spray drying, play a crucial role in their efficiency, while evaluation parameters like particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release studies assess their performance. Recent advancements have significantly enhanced microsphere technology, including superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) for improved fabrication in photonic devices, protein crystallization, and medical diagnostics. Probiotics-loaded microspheres have shown increased stability and viability in cosmetic and therapeutic formulations. In cancer therapy, microspheres are effectively used in embolization techniques, glioblastoma treatments, and targeted drug delivery systems for lung and prostate cancers. Additionally, eco-friendly dextran microbeads are being utilized in multiplex assays, while optofluidic immunochips aid in detecting myocardial infarction biomarkers. Despite these advancements, challenges such as ensuring stability, uniform size, material selection, and reproducibility remain significant hurdles in developing effective microsphere-based therapies and products.

Graphical Abstract