Multifunctional Terpenoid-Enriched Hydrogels: Phytochemical Modulation and Sustainable Degradability in Agarose Matrices for Advanced Antimicrobial and Mosquito-Repellent Applications

Unveiling a breakthrough in biomaterial engineering, this hydrogel, synthesized through the amalgamation of agar and bioactive Lantana camara leaf extract, designed to synergistically exert potent antimicrobial and mosquito-repellent efficacy within a sophisticated biomaterial matrix. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the molecular integration of key phytochemicals, including terpenoids such as lantadene and linalool, alongside flavonoids, revealing distinct O–H stretching, C=C bond vibrations, and S–O stretching, which substantiate the hydrogel’s bioactive potential and structural robustness. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated substantial inhibition zones of 17 mm, 13 mm, and 7 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus niger, respectively, underscoring significant antimicrobial properties. The hydrogel exhibited robust pH-buffering capabilities, ensuring stability across varied conditions, crucial for wound healing and topical applications. With a 68% swelling ratio and 70% water retention capacity after 24 h, it ensures sustained release of bioactive compounds, extending both antimicrobial and mosquito-repellent action. Furthermore, the hydrogel’s biodegradability aligns with sustainability imperatives, marking it as a pioneering advancement in biomaterial science for mitigating microbial contamination and controlling vector-borne diseases in biomedical and public health sectors.