Photodynamic Therapy: Advancement in Therapeutic and Cosmetic Application for Targeted Treatment: A Review

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a minimally invasive and non-poisonous light-based treatment modality for various conditions and comprises three components: photosensitizer, light, and oxygen. Its ability to target malignant and microorganisms makes it a promising alternative to conventional therapy. The mechanism involves using a photosensitizer and laser radiation to emerging reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon excitation by a specific wavelength light source, stimulating strong phototoxic reactions against malignant cells and other microbes. With recent advancements in nanoscience, laser light delivery technology and the thrilling prospects focused on photosensitizer conveyance can be successfully implemented for preclinical and clinical applications. This study provides an in-depth exploration of the current trends of light-based photodynamic therapy, highlighting its numerous applications in both therapeutic and cosmetic applications, mechanism of action, and potential future direction. A systematic literature review was conducted to analyze the study published between 2010 and 2024. The relevant articles were selected based on the application of PDT in diverse clinical and cosmetic settings. These findings highlight the significant progress in photodynamic therapy and emphasize the key elements in modern treatment strategies, side effects, and upcoming prospects in the healthcare system.