Impact of Biosensors and Biomarkers in Diabetes Care: A Review

Diabetes is a long-lasting health condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), resulting from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both. Early diagnosis and effective management are crucial to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes-related complications. Biosensors and biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for diabetes monitoring and management. Various biosensors, including enzymatic, electrochemical, and optical biosensors, are used to detect glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and other relevant biomarkers. From early diagnosis and personalized treatment plans to continuous monitoring and proactive interventions, artificial intelligence and nanotechnology play crucial roles in empowering patients and improving outcomes. This review focuses on the impact of biosensors and biomarkers in diabetes, with particular attention to their mechanisms of action, clinical applications, limitations, and the potential of new technologies, like wearables and nano-biosensors, for continuous and real-time diabetes monitoring. Furthermore, this review also addresses the challenges associated with biosensor development and implementation, such as selectivity, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness.

Graphical illustration of different biosensors and biomarkers for diabetes detection